This article will make you a little uncomfortable because of its true & data driven statements. Tighten your seatbelt. Read until the end.

So far you have been teaching online, you are not enjoying it as much as teaching in person. Perhaps you are not experiencing that confidence & liveliness as you get from face-to-face class. You can disagree but a study shows that only 9 percent of teachers prefer to teach in a completely online environment. That means 91 percent of us don’t.

Clearly, many teachers don’t see the value of online courses or of trying to become a better online teacher. Almost none of us set out to be great online teachers when we decided to go to graduate school.

We’ve spent years in campus classrooms, but we don’t have the same depth and breadth of experience in the online classroom, as either students or teachers. Most of us don’t know how to teach online or how to get better at it — and we may not be motivated to learn. Even more likely, we may not feel like we have time to learn. (Darby, 2020)

For all of those reasons, you may not feel fully invested in your online teaching practice. Good teaching is good teaching. Most of us don’t know how to teach online or how to get better at it — and we may not be motivated to learn.

Which brings me to the purpose of this guide. What you will find here is advice on how to make your online pedagogy as effective and satisfying as the in-person version, including:

1. 10 essential principles and practices of better online teaching
2. Common misperceptions
3. How to find help

Online classes aren’t going away — enrollments continue to grow year after year. Further, online education increases access for students who, with work and family obligations, would not otherwise be able to go to university. Those people are just as much our students as the ones who show up on the campus, and they, too, deserve the best teaching we can offer.

Professors often fail to make the connection between what we do in a physical classroom and what we do online. This guide aims to make that connection explicit — to help you think about what you do well in person so that you can do those things in your online classes, too.

Fundamentally, good teaching requires you to be in the classroom with your students. And without intentional planning, you may go several days at a time without engaging in teacherly activities with your online students.

Instead, create a schedule for meaningful and active involvement in your online classes. Schedule the same amount of time each week to be visibly present and engaged in your semester-long online class. And I do mean visible, meaningful engagement. Here are some ways to do that:

Post a weekly announcement to provide an overview of the coming week’s topic or a recap of the previous week’s work, or both. (example)

Respond to questions posted in an online question-and-answer discussion forum or sent to you by email.

Hold online office hours according to a schedule, by appointment, or both.(tutorial-How to Make Appointment Slots in Google Calendar)

Post a quick video (recorded and 1 to minutes) to clarify misconceptions about a class topic or assignment.

Grade and return students’ work in a timely fashion.

Talk with students in online discussions (in google classroom chatting both private and public). Regular not occasional.

When you are regularly present and engaged in the online classroom, your students are more likely to be, too.

Be Yourself

Many of us have a unique teaching persona — different from the person we are in a hallway conversation or in a department meeting. We employ humor. We vary our delivery to best effect. We pause. We raise our voices. We gesticulate for emphasis.

In an online classroom, your teaching style can get lost in translation. Although this is beginning to change, it is still the case that a primary means of communication in an online course is the written word. A wall of text can be dry and demotivating to students. Where is the vocal intonation? Where are the facial expressions? How do you stride up and down the front of the room to help make your point?

The solution, by the way, is not to post a video of yourself delivering a standard lecture in a classroom. The physical energy gets lost in that medium, too. Instead, capture your personality and your passion in ways that are different from what you might do in person, yet authentic.

Written content is inevitably part of any online course, but strive to use a unique voice in your writing. Mini-lectures, assignment instructions, answers to questions, weekly announcements — you can write those in such a way as to represent your true self:

Infuse your writing with warmth. Convey your support. In your weekly announcement, for example, don’t write, “Some of you have skipped the past few quizzes. You won’t pass this class if you continue to do so.” Instead, write, “Thank you for your work in this class. I know it’s a lot to manage. Just a reminder, make sure you’re taking all the quizzes to help you be successful here. Please contact me if I can help or answer any questions. Thanks!”

Be human. Sometimes the inherent distance between professor and student in an online class infects your written communication. But you needn’t write in a detached tone. Instead, practice immediacy. For example, at the end of a set of assignment instructions, you could write, “If you have any questions at all about what you are supposed to do on this assignment, please remember I am here to help. Reach out any time so I can support your success.” That is more friendly, more caring, and more reassuring than, “Questions? Post them in the Q&A discussion forum.”

Recording yourself whenever possible is another great way to bring your whole self to class. Whether by audio or video, capture your expertise, your empathy, your teacher persona in a way that comes across with much more impact than in writing (again, I don’t mean videos of you lecturing). These recordings don’t have to be professionally produced, and you don’t have to have a video in every module. Instead, start small. For example, record a quick introduction and greeting to include in the “Start Here” module of your course.

Students appreciate seeing your face and hearing your voice. Don’t worry about making sure every stray hair is in place. If you trip over your tongue while recording, that’s OK, too. Pause and start again. After all, you’re not always perfectly polished and articulate in the classroom, are you? Those little foibles make your recordings authentic. They show you’re a real person. Students need to know you in order to engage with you online. So look for ways to be yourself via technology, just as you do in person.

In a physical classroom, you can pick up on nonverbal cues. Are students bored? Tuning out? Confused? You can observe the signals and adjust what you’re doing. When students are taking class at home, puzzling over your explanation of a complex concept, you’re not there in real time to allay their confusion. You can’t observe when you’ve lost their attention or when your instructions aren’t clear. Yet you want to support them just as you would in a campus-based classroom.

How can you do that? By anticipating their isolation and planning for it in your course design.

Imagine that you are the student, on your own, trying to make sense of what is in front of you on the screen. Get outside your own head — where your online class makes sense and everything is clear. Instead, try to envision how your students are experiencing the class. I will talk in more detail below about each of these, but for instance:

Are your instructions clear on how long students’ discussion posts should be, and on how they should cite sources?

Do you include a detailed grading rubric?

Do you provide an example of a successful final project, so that students can see your expectations and don’t have to muddle through while they wait for a reply from you?

Better yet, have a trusted colleague evaluate your online class. Ask experienced online-faculty members or campus instructional designers to go in and poke around as if they were students. You’ll be surprised at what they might see that you can’t — a confusing organization of course materials, an overly intimidating tone in textual instructions, a lack of clarity on what to do first to get started with the course. Use their observations to help you make a few tweaks.

Ideally, students should know exactly what you are teaching and what they are supposed to do as a result. That rarely happens by accident, though. You must be intentional, put yourself in your students’ shoes, and design for clarity. This principle should guide your practice for the next few suggestions.

Try to think like a student when you organize course materials. Commonly, online students become confused, frustrated, and disengaged simply because you or the campus LMS have made it too hard to find the content and activities. When students use a lot of cognitive resources just trying to figure out where to go to access readings, videos, discussions, or quizzes, they have little mental energy left for the content itself. Discouraged and/or irritated students are less likely to learn.

If they have to click out of a module and into another folder to watch a required video, that can be distracting — or frustrating if it’s hard to find.

Activate the student-preview function (most LMSs have this feature) and navigate your course as if you were new to online learning in general and to your LMS in particular.

Is it clear where things are found? Note times when it’s not immediately evident what a student should do. In some LMSs, for example, a text heading may actually be a link that students have to click to access a content page or assignment. The need to click to get to more information might not be clear to them. When possible, add a simple line of guidance: “Click the link above to access the assignment submission area.”

Remember, online students can’t generally ask a quick question in real time. Remove any opacity brought on by the design of the LMS by giving quick pointers wherever you can.

An online course should not be one giant website of endless scrolling. Nor should it be a warren of nested and subnested folders. Aim for a good mix of navigational approaches so students experience neither scrolling nor clicking fatigue.

Help students move through content and activities smoothly and seamlessly, so that their attention remains focused on learning the material. Ask an online-savvy colleague for help if you are too close to the content and unable to see it from a newcomer’s perspective.

Online courses suffer a well-earned reputation of being ugly, dry, boring, and unappealing. Humans are more likely to want to be in a space if it is pleasant to look at. Plenty of students would rather learn in a new building than in a dingy lecture hall that hasn’t been renovated in decades. The appearance of our surroundings affects our enjoyment and therefore our engagement.

That’s why you need to give serious thought to the way your online courses look. You may be surprised at the impact a few small touches can make.

When thinking about the visuals of an online class, look to your favorite websites. Study the layouts of books and magazines that you enjoy. A great deal of thought has gone into their design. Why not apply this philosophy to an online class?

You don’t have to be a graphic designer to enhance course appearance. A little attention to presentation goes a long way. Do you have a lot of written lecture notes or instructions? Break up long chunks of text with subheads and space between paragraphs. Embed relevant images. Include thumbnail videos that you’ve either created or sourced from YouTube, news sites, or library resources. Aim for attractive yet appropriate.

Unfortunately, public links to visually effective online courses are few, but here’s an example (open in view-only format): “Modern Mythology and Geek Culture.” Notice the visual impact of the home page, then click around to observe its logical, student-friendly organization.

When you’re standing at the front of a classroom and you assign a task, a paper, or a project, you don’t simply hand out written instructions and not say a word about the assignment. Nor do you display the instructions on a PowerPoint slide without explaining more about what you are looking for and what students should do to succeed.

Remember, online students typically work by themselves. They can’t ask for, or receive, clarification in the moment they first encounter your assignment instructions. Which is why you need to explain what you’re looking for as clearly as possible in an online class.

1. Write down the directions as if you were having a conversation with a student, so they don’t read like a textbook.
2. Create an informal two-minute explainer video to flesh out some details of an assignment.
3. Provide a rubric.
4. Share an example of student work that earned top marks. Maybe even share an example of mediocre work so students can compare the two.

When you teach in person, you do a lot of modeling that you may not even be aware you’re doing.

You explain things — step by systematic step — to help students learn and perform successfully on tests, projects, papers, and other assignments.

Look for ways to break down complex tasks so that students make timely progress and receive feedback while there is still time to adjust their approach.

That kind of modeling and “scaffolding” doesn’t happen quite as naturally in online classes, where real-time interactions are limited. To help students succeed, you must be creative. Scrutinize your assessments, both large and small. Have your students had the opportunity to build — step by step, as they would in an in-person classroom — the knowledge and skills they will need do well on those assessments?

Here are some examples of how to scaffold activities in an online course. When possible, make these an opportunity for you to give incremental feedback so students know whether or not they are on the right track:

Let’s say you want students to record a video presentation of their research topics. It’s hard enough to give a good presentation without the video-recording element. So help your online students gain practice with the technology before they have to use it for a high-stakes project.

For example, in the first week or two of class, give them a low-stakes, low-stress assignment: Ask them to record and post a two-minute video introducing themselves to the class.

As part of an orientation module, ask students to send you a message using the LMS messaging/email system so they know how to do this later in the class if they have a question for you. Ask them to answer a question about the syllabus or to list two goals for their learning in the course. Reply with a short personal greeting so they know you received the message and are available to help.

During Week 1, ask students to upload a PDF file of their handwritten work solving the first step of a problem. This exercise will help them learn how to turn a photo on their mobile device into a PDF file, and how to submit it as an assignment in the LMS. It’s a good way correct any missteps early on.

At the beginning of the first module, ask students use one of the many free mind-mapping tools available on the web to create a concept map of what they already know about the course topic. Then, at the end of each module, assign students to create a summary concept map to help them make sense of each topic.

Look for ways to break down complex tasks so that students make timely progress and receive feedback on their work while there is still time to adjust their approach if needed.

During an in-person course, if students raise their hands and say they just don’t get some concept, you find another way to explain it. You come up with examples, maybe from another realm of life. That variety of examples and explanations helps learners grasp the information in a way that makes the most sense to them. Examples are even more crucial in online teaching.

Consider the first time you taught a college course. Maybe you borrowed a syllabus from a previous instructor to guide you in developing your own. Likewise, the first time you taught online, you may have relied on someone else’s content in the LMS so that you didn’t have to start from scratch. Those of you who had to create your first online class without any model to emulate know how challenging it is to produce something entirely new.

Online learners, too, benefit from multiple explanations of difficult concepts and multiple examples of the kind of work you want to see. Among other options, you might: Source existing videos that put another spin on a particular topic.

Record a short guest-lecture video to let students hear from another expert in your field.

Structure ways for students to explain new information to one another — as novice learners, they may come up with examples and illustrations that make more sense to their peers than your explanations do. For example, you could assign semester-long groups of two and ask students to interact with their partners every week by phone or text to explain course concepts — in an introductory psychology class, for example, how neurons fire in the brain. Students could submit a short summary of their work with their partner and tell how it helped them better understand that week’s concepts.

How many examples should you provide? Lots of them, wherever possible. You may want to make some examples optional or supplemental, for students who want more help. Requiring all students to read or watch multiple examples and explanations may feel like busy work for some.

In your teaching and writing for the course, model the kind of work you wish to see. For example, use a professional yet conversational tone in your discussion posts. Demonstrate how you respect and value diverse perspectives. When you show students what you’re looking for, they’re likely to be more confident in their ability to succeed on a task, which in turn increases their motivation to engage meaningfully.

Ask yourself:

Do you enjoy going into your online classroom? Do you like being there? Do you look forward to communicating with your online students in the same way you look forward to interacting with students in a physical classroom?

Those are hard questions,

but they shine a light on an important issue for many faculty members. If we’re honest, many of us would have to say that we don’t enjoy being in our online classes as much as we enjoy teaching in person. Indeed, that could help explain why only 9 percent of us prefer to teach online exclusively. We simply may not enjoy being there as much.

If you struggle to enjoy the online learning environment as an instructor, it’s not hard to imagine that this struggle is even harder for students.

When you teach in person, you do a lot of things to help students feel welcome. You greet students. Smile. Make eye contact. Apply that same principle to your online classes.

When you teach in person, you do a lot of things to help students feel welcome and comfortable in the classroom. You greet students. Smile. Make eye contact. Answer questions. You show your support in countless ways. Even when the physical classroom is not particularly attractive, you do a lot to improve the atmosphere in the room to make it more pleasant and therefore more conducive to learning.

Apply that same principle to your online classes. A deliberate effort to make them more inviting and pleasant is likely to result in more interesting classes. Students will want to be in your online class if you:

Use plenty of visuals, media, interactive tools, and learning activities.

Streamline course organization and navigation. Organize the furniture in the room, so to speak, to create maximum flow. (The proprietary nature of most online courses makes it difficult for me offer open examples of what I mean, but the “Modern Mythology and Geek Culture” course I’ve already mentioned illustrates many of these design strategies.)

Convey positivity and optimism that students can succeed.

Demonstrate compassion and caring for your busy online learners.

Respect their time and engagement by being present and engaged yourself.

By making your online class more enjoyable, you make students want to show up. And students have to want to be in class before they can learn anything.

A hallmark of good teaching is the desire to keep getting better at it. Bring that zeal into your online classroom the same way you bring it to your campus classroom. Invest a little time and energy into developing as an online teacher. Even small efforts can have a big impact.

Compared with teaching in person, online teaching is still rather new, but there are things you can do to improve and find fresh ideas to try:

* Participate in workshops offered by your institution’s teaching-and-learning center.

• Join book-discussion groups with your colleagues to delve into books about effective online-teaching strategies.
• Subscribe to teaching-related newsletters, such as Faculty Focus and The Chronicle’s Teaching Newsletter. Sometimes they feature articles specifically related to online teaching; other times, reading about a new approach in the physical classroom leads to an idea for your online teaching.
• Explore best practices presented in the Teaching Online Pedagogical Repository.
• Demonstrate your commitment to student success by pursuing your own professional development from time to time.