The 17th century in Europe  was a period of religious struggles, political upheaval, and cultural advancements in science, reason, and philosophy.

One of the major conflicts during this time was the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Beginning as a religious conflict between Catholic and Protestant states, the war evolved into a broader power struggle across Europe. The war killed millions of people and led to widespread famine and disease in the ensuing decades. 

Absolute monarchies strengthened their power during the century, with rulers like Louis XIV and Philip IV consolidating power and authority in France and Spain respectively.

The Catholic Counter-Reformation had a significant impact on Baroque art, architecture and music. The Church commissioned composers to create elaborate, emotive, and awe-inspiring works as a way of heightening religious services and encouraging patronage.

Click here for an introductory worksheet and activity regarding Baroque historical context.

Figured bass was a fundamental practice in Baroque music. It served as a harmonic framework, allowing performers to realise chords indicated by numbers beneath the bass line.

Click here to learn more about figured bass