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APHG
AP Human Geography
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Introduction
Class
Course Framework
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AP Human Geography Test
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APHG Introduction
APHG Introduction
Human Geography
Intro
Activity
Unit 1
Chapter 1
Key Issue 1.1-Why is Geography a Science?
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
Key issue 1.2-Why is Every Place Unique?
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
Key Issue 1.3-Why Are Different Places Similar?
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
Key Issue 1.4-Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable?
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
Unit 2
Chapter 2
2.1 – Where are People Distributed
2.1.1: Describe the distribution of the world’s population.
2.1.2: Contrast regions of high and low population concentrations.
2.1.3: Compare different approaches to measuring density.
2.2 – Why is Population Increasing?
2.2.1: Summarize historical and current rates of population increase.
2.2.2: Compare global patterns of births and deaths.
2.2.3: Explain the stages of the demographic transition model.
2.3 – Why Does Health Vary by Region?
2.3.1: Describe differences in health care services among countries.
2.3.2: Explain reasons for risks to baby girls and mothers.
2.3.3: Relate the demographic transition to the distribution of age groups.
2.3.4: Explain four stages in the epidemiologic transition.
2.4 – Why Might Population Change in the Future?
2.4.1: Assess a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition.
2.4.2: Describe two reasons for declining birth rates.
2.4.3: List reasons for possible stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition.
2.4.4: Explain arguments for and against Malthus’s theory.
Chapter 3
3.1 – Where are Migrants Distributed?
3.1.1: Describe the relationship between the migration transition and the d
3.1.2: Recognize the principal streams of international and internal migrat
3.1.3: Explain the difference between emigration and immigration.
3.1.4: Describe the changing places of origin of U.S. immigrants.
3.2 – Where Do People Migrate Within Countries?
3.2.1: Describe migration patterns among U.S. regions.
3.2.2: Compare interregional migration in several large countries.
3.2.3: Describe three types of intraregional migration.
3.3 – Why Do People Migrate?
3.3.1: Explain cultural reasons for migrating.
3.3.2: Explain environmental reasons for migrating.
3.3.3: Identify economic reasons for international migration.
3.3.4: Describe the demographic characteristics of immigrants to the United
3.4 – Why Do Migrants Face Challenges?
3.4.1: Explain how governments control who can immigrate into a country.
3.4.2: Explain the role of quotas in U.S. immigration policies.
3.4.3: Summarize the diversity of conditions along the U.S.-Mexico border
3.4.4: Describe patterns of immigration in Europe and issues resulting from
Unit 3
Chapter 4
4.1 – Where are Cultural Groups Distributed?
4.1.1a: Outline concepts of folk culture.
4.1.2a: Compare processes of origin, diffusion, and distribution of folk cu
4.1.3: Trace the origin and diffusion of social media.
4.2 – Where are Leisure and Material Culture Distributed?
4.2.1: Compare differences in geographic dimensions of folk and popular mus
4.2.2: Describe how sports have been transformed from folk to popular cultu
4.2.3: Compare reasons for distribution of clothing styles in folk and popu
4.2.4: Identify reasons for folk and popular food preferences.
4.2.5: Analyze factors that influence patterns of folk housing.
4.3 – Why is Access to Culture Unequal?
4.3.1: Compare the diffusion of TV and the Internet.
4.3.2: Compare the distribution of social media platforms.
4.3.3: Evaluate threats to freedom in the use of electronic media.
4.3.4: Describe geographic features of cyberattacks and other misuse of soc
4.4 – Why do Cultures Face Sustainability Challenges?
4.4.1: Summarize challenges for folk culture from diffusion of popular cult
4.4.2: Summarize two principal ways that popular culture can adversely affe
4.4.3: Describe how popular culture can vary by region.
Chapter 5
5.1 – Where are Languages Distributed?
5.1.1: Explain how geographers classify languages.
5.1.2: Locate on a map the distribution of principal language families.
5.1.3: Identify the world’s most used languages and language families.
5.1.4: Identify the distribution of Indo-European languages.
5.1.5: Describe the distribution of language families other than Indo-Europ
5.2 – Why Do Languages Diffuse?
5.2.1: Identify processes of origin and diffusion of a language branch and
5.2.2: Analyze processes underlying current distribution of English.
5.2.3: Explain the concept of lingua franca.
5.3 – Why Do Languages Vary Among Places?
5.3.1a: Explain the concepts of official languages.
5.3.2: Analyze the ways that dialects vary.
5.3.3: Describe the distribution of principal U.S. dialects.
5.3.4: Summarize challenges in distinguishing between some languages and di
5.3.5: Give examples of countries that embrace more than one language.
5.4 – Why Do Languages Survive or Perish?
5.4.1: Define endangered languages.
5.4.2: Analyze geographic factors resulting in isolated and extinct languag
5.4.3: Describe how some lesser-used languages are being protected.
5.4.4: Summarize processes of growing and reviving languages.
Chapter 6
6.1 – Where are Religions Distributed?
6.1.1: Identify the world’s major religions and classify them by type.
6.1.2: Summarize the distribution of major religions.
6.1.3: Analyze regional variations in the distribution of Christian branche
6.1.4: Describe the distribution of the major branches of Islam and buddhis
6.1.5: Describe the distribution of Hinduism and other ethnic religions.
6.1.6: Identify religions other than the most numerous ones.
6.2 – Why Do Religions Have Distinctive Distributions?
6.2.1a: Recount the origins of Christianity.
6.2.1b: Recount the origins of Islam.
6.2.2a: Discuss the origin of Buddhism.
6.2.3: Analyze the process of diffusion of universalizing religions.
6.2.4: Describe the distinctive migration patterns of Christian groups in m
6.2.5a: Trace the distinctive migration patterns of Muslims.
6.2.5b: Trace the distinctive migration patterns of Jews.
6.3 – Why Do Religions Organize Space in Specific Patterns?
6.3.1: Describe places of worship in various religions.
6.3.2a: Describe places to which Buddhists make pilgrimages.
6.3.2b: Describe places to which Muslims make pilgrimages.
6.3.3a: Give examples of religious settlements.
6.3.3b: Give examples of religious toponyms.
6.3.4: Compare the administrative organization of hierarchical and locally
6.3.5: Discuss the importance of the physical geography in ethnic religions
6.3.6: Understand the roles of holidays and calendars in various religions.
6.4 – Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
6.4.1: State reasons for geographic conflicts between religious and secular
6.4.2: Understand geographic elements of conflicts among religious groups i
6.4.3: Explain Israeli and Palestinian perspectives on Israel.
6.4.4: Explain the importance of Jerusalem to Jews and Muslims
Chapter 7
7.1 – Where are Ethnicities Distributed?
7.1.1: Distinguish between ethnicity and race.
7.1.2: Summarize changes in the classification of race and ethnicity in the
7.1.3: Compare the distribution of U.S. ethnicities.
7.1.4: Compare race and ethnicity in Brazil.
7.1.5: Describe the distribution of ethnicities within urban areas.
7.2 – Why Do Ethnicities have Distinctive Distributions?
7.2.1: Describe forced migration from Africa.
7.2.2: Describe the patterns of migration of African Americans within the U
7.2.3a: Explain the laws once used to segregate races in the United States.
7.2.4: Describe how ethnicities can be divided among more than one national
7.3 – Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflict?
7.3.1: Explain the differences between ethnicities and nationalities.
7.3.2: Identify the principal ethnic conflicts in Western Asia.
7.3.3: Identify the principal ethnic conflicts in West-Central Asia.
7.4 – Why Do Ethnic Cleansings and Genocides Occur?
7.4.1: Analyze current and past examples of ethnic cleansing and genocide.
7.4.2: Describe the breakup of Yugoslavia and its consequences for Balkan e
7.4.3: Explain the concept of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina.
7.4.4: Identify the principal recent episodes of genocide in Africa.
7.4.5: Identify the principal recent episodes of genocide in Central Africa
Unit 4
Chapter 8
8.1 – Where are States Distributed?
8.1.1: Explain the difference between a state of the world and a state with
8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some of Earth’s lan
8.2 – Why are States Challenging to Create?
8.2.1: Summarize how states developed historically.
8.2.2: Describe the modern development of nation-states.
8.2.3: Describe challenges in creating nation-states in the former Soviet U
8.2.4: Explain Russia’s status as a multinational state.
8.2.5: Explain the concept of colonies and describe their current distribut
8.3 – Why do States Face Threats?
8.3.1: Describe the functions of the United Nations.
8.3.2: Explain differences among three regime types.
8.3.3: Describe the distribution of nuclear weapons.
8.3.4: Describe the principal alliances in Europe.
8.3.5: Explain the concept of terrorism and cite U.S. examples.
8.3.6: Identify the major terrorist organizations.
8.4 – Why Do States have Distinctive Geographic Structure?
8.4.1: Describe the types of cultural boundaries between states.
8.4.2: Describe the types of physical boundaries between states.
8.4.3: Describe the types of geometric boundaries between states.
8.4.4: Describe the five shapes of states.
8.4.5: Explain the practice of gerrymandering and ways in which it is done.
8.4.6: Describe approaches to reducing gerrymandering.
Unit 5
Chapter 9
9.1 – Why Do People Consume Different Foods?
9.1.1: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in fo
9.1.2: Describe the distribution of undernourishment.
9.1.3: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in so
9.2 – Where Did Agriculture Originate?
9.2.1: Summarize the origin of agriculture.
9.2.2: Describe the principal differences between subsistence and commercia
9.3 – Where is Agriculture Distributed?
9.3.1: Describe agricultural regions and their relationships to climate reg
9.3.2: Explain the principal forms of agriculture in higher-density develop
9.3.3: Explain the principal forms of subsistence agriculture in lower-dens
9.3.4: Explain the principal forms of subsistence agriculture in lower-den
9.3.5: Describe the contribution of fishing to the world food supply.
9.3.6: Describe the basic principles of several forms of crop-based commerc
9.3.7: Describe dairy and ranching commercial agriculture.
9.3.8: Describe the basic principles of several forms of mixed crop and liv
9.4 – Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges?
9.4.1: Explain the contribution of expanding exports to world food supply.
9.4.2: Explain reasons for loss of farmland.
9.4.3: Describe how farmers and scientists have achieved productivity incre
9.4.4: Discuss the debate over the planting of GMO seeds.
9.4.5a: Identify principles of organic farming.
9.4.6: Analyze the importance of water in agriculture.
Unit 6
Chapter 12
12.1 – Where are Services Distributed?
12.1.1: Describe the three types of services.
12.2 – Where are Consumer Services Distributed?
12.2.1: Explain the concepts of market area.
12.2.2: Explain the distribution of different-sized settlements.
12.2.3: Explain how to use threshold and range to find the optimal location
12.2.4: Give examples of consumer services that do not have a fixed locatio
12.3 – Where are Business Services Distributed?
12.3.1: Explain the clustering of business services in global cities.
12.3.2: Describe two types of business services in developing countries.
12.3.3: Explain the concept of economic base.
12.4 – Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements?
12.4.1: Compare clustered and dispersed rural settlements.
12.4.2: Identify important prehistoric and ancient urban settlements.
12.4.3: Describe the two dimensions of urbanization.
12.4.4: Identify the location of the largest and fastest-growing urban sett
Chapter 13
13.1 – Why are Cities Challenging to Define?
13.1.1: Describe Three models of internal structure of urban areas
13.1.2
13.1.3a: Describe the use of vertical space in the CBD.
13.2 – Where are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
13.2.1
13.2.2:
13.2.3: Relate the models of urban structure to European urban areas.
13.2.4a: Describe patterns in precolonial in developing countries.
13.2.5: Understand how the three models of urban structure describe pattern
13.2.6a: Describe stages of development.
13.3 – Why Do Urban Areas Expand?
13.3.1: Explain the process of suburban growth.
13.3.2: Describe suburban sprawl.
13.3.3: Explain ways in which suburbs are segregated.
13.3.4: Describe the strategies to reduce the impact of motor vehicles in u
13.3.5: Describe the benefits and drawbacks of public transport.
13.4 – Why Might Cities Be More Sustainable?
13.4.1: Summarize social challenges faced by many cities.
13.4.2: Describe the process of gentrification.
13.4.3: Consider alternative methods for address traffic congestion.
13.4.4: Describe changes in vehicles and the impact of the changes on citie
13.4.5
Unit 7
Chapter 10
10.1 – Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
10.1.1a: Explain the concept of development.
10.1.2: Explain the HDI standard of living factor.
10.1.3: Explain the HDI education factors.
10.1.4: Identify HDI health factors.
10.2 – Where are Inequalities in Development Distributed?
10.2.1: Describe the U.N.’s measures of inequality.
10.2.2: Describe patterns of regional inequality within developing and deve
10.2.3: Describe the U.N.’s measures of gender inequality.
10.2.4: Describe the empowerment-related components of gender inequality.
10.2.5: Describe reproductive health elements of the GII.
10.3 – Why Do Countries Face Development Challenges?
10.3.1: Summarize the two paths to development.
10.3.2: Analyze reasons for the triumph of the international trade approach
10.3.3: Identify the main sources of financing development.
10.3.4: Explain alternate strategies for coping with economic downturns.
10.4 – Why are Countries Able to Make Progress in Development?
10.4.1a: Describe ways in which differences in development have narrowed.
10.4.2: Explain principles of fair trade.
Chapter 11
11.1 – Where is Industry Distributed?
11.1.1: Summarize the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
11.1.2: Describe the locations of the three principal industrial regions.
11.1.3: Analyze the three types of site factors.
11.1.4: Explain why some industries locate near their inputs.
11.1.5: Explain why some industries locate near markets.
11.1.6: Explain why industries use different modes of transportation.
11.2 – Why Do Industries Face Energy Challenges?
11.2.1: Identify the principal sources of energy supply and demand.
11.2.2: Describe the distribution of fossil fuel production and reserves.
11.2.3: Analyze changing patterns of oil trade and demand.
11.2.4: Evaluate possible future options for fossil fuels.
11.2.5: Describe the distribution of nuclear energy and challenges in using
11.2.6: Identify alternative sources of energy and challenges to using them
11.2.7: Compare passive and active solar energy.
11.3 – Why Do Industries Face Pollution Challenges?
11.3.1: Describe causes and effects of air pollution at local, regional, an
11.3.2: Compare and contrast point and nonpoint sources of water pollution.
11.3.3: Describe principal strategies for reducing solid waste pollution.
11.3.4a: Explain the concept of recycling.
11.4 – Why Are Industries Changing Locations?
11.4.1: Explain reasons for the emergence of new concentration of industrie
11.4.2: Explain the distribution of clothing production.
11.4.3: Summarize changes in the distribution of steel production.
11.4.4: Explain industrial location changes within developed regions.
Notes
Activities
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Resources
Contact
ESPN
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Campus Maps
APHG
AP Human Geography
Reading
Introduction
Class
Course Framework
Class
How to read your Text
Test
AP Human Geography Test
Sample Questions
How is the Exam Scored
APHG Introduction
APHG Introduction
Human Geography
Intro
Activity
Unit 1
Chapter 1
Key Issue 1.1-Why is Geography a Science?
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
Key issue 1.2-Why is Every Place Unique?
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
Key Issue 1.3-Why Are Different Places Similar?
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
Key Issue 1.4-Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable?
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
Unit 2
Chapter 2
2.1 – Where are People Distributed
2.1.1: Describe the distribution of the world’s population.
2.1.2: Contrast regions of high and low population concentrations.
2.1.3: Compare different approaches to measuring density.
2.2 – Why is Population Increasing?
2.2.1: Summarize historical and current rates of population increase.
2.2.2: Compare global patterns of births and deaths.
2.2.3: Explain the stages of the demographic transition model.
2.3 – Why Does Health Vary by Region?
2.3.1: Describe differences in health care services among countries.
2.3.2: Explain reasons for risks to baby girls and mothers.
2.3.3: Relate the demographic transition to the distribution of age groups.
2.3.4: Explain four stages in the epidemiologic transition.
2.4 – Why Might Population Change in the Future?
2.4.1: Assess a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition.
2.4.2: Describe two reasons for declining birth rates.
2.4.3: List reasons for possible stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition.
2.4.4: Explain arguments for and against Malthus’s theory.
Chapter 3
3.1 – Where are Migrants Distributed?
3.1.1: Describe the relationship between the migration transition and the d
3.1.2: Recognize the principal streams of international and internal migrat
3.1.3: Explain the difference between emigration and immigration.
3.1.4: Describe the changing places of origin of U.S. immigrants.
3.2 – Where Do People Migrate Within Countries?
3.2.1: Describe migration patterns among U.S. regions.
3.2.2: Compare interregional migration in several large countries.
3.2.3: Describe three types of intraregional migration.
3.3 – Why Do People Migrate?
3.3.1: Explain cultural reasons for migrating.
3.3.2: Explain environmental reasons for migrating.
3.3.3: Identify economic reasons for international migration.
3.3.4: Describe the demographic characteristics of immigrants to the United
3.4 – Why Do Migrants Face Challenges?
3.4.1: Explain how governments control who can immigrate into a country.
3.4.2: Explain the role of quotas in U.S. immigration policies.
3.4.3: Summarize the diversity of conditions along the U.S.-Mexico border
3.4.4: Describe patterns of immigration in Europe and issues resulting from
Unit 3
Chapter 4
4.1 – Where are Cultural Groups Distributed?
4.1.1a: Outline concepts of folk culture.
4.1.2a: Compare processes of origin, diffusion, and distribution of folk cu
4.1.3: Trace the origin and diffusion of social media.
4.2 – Where are Leisure and Material Culture Distributed?
4.2.1: Compare differences in geographic dimensions of folk and popular mus
4.2.2: Describe how sports have been transformed from folk to popular cultu
4.2.3: Compare reasons for distribution of clothing styles in folk and popu
4.2.4: Identify reasons for folk and popular food preferences.
4.2.5: Analyze factors that influence patterns of folk housing.
4.3 – Why is Access to Culture Unequal?
4.3.1: Compare the diffusion of TV and the Internet.
4.3.2: Compare the distribution of social media platforms.
4.3.3: Evaluate threats to freedom in the use of electronic media.
4.3.4: Describe geographic features of cyberattacks and other misuse of soc
4.4 – Why do Cultures Face Sustainability Challenges?
4.4.1: Summarize challenges for folk culture from diffusion of popular cult
4.4.2: Summarize two principal ways that popular culture can adversely affe
4.4.3: Describe how popular culture can vary by region.
Chapter 5
5.1 – Where are Languages Distributed?
5.1.1: Explain how geographers classify languages.
5.1.2: Locate on a map the distribution of principal language families.
5.1.3: Identify the world’s most used languages and language families.
5.1.4: Identify the distribution of Indo-European languages.
5.1.5: Describe the distribution of language families other than Indo-Europ
5.2 – Why Do Languages Diffuse?
5.2.1: Identify processes of origin and diffusion of a language branch and
5.2.2: Analyze processes underlying current distribution of English.
5.2.3: Explain the concept of lingua franca.
5.3 – Why Do Languages Vary Among Places?
5.3.1a: Explain the concepts of official languages.
5.3.2: Analyze the ways that dialects vary.
5.3.3: Describe the distribution of principal U.S. dialects.
5.3.4: Summarize challenges in distinguishing between some languages and di
5.3.5: Give examples of countries that embrace more than one language.
5.4 – Why Do Languages Survive or Perish?
5.4.1: Define endangered languages.
5.4.2: Analyze geographic factors resulting in isolated and extinct languag
5.4.3: Describe how some lesser-used languages are being protected.
5.4.4: Summarize processes of growing and reviving languages.
Chapter 6
6.1 – Where are Religions Distributed?
6.1.1: Identify the world’s major religions and classify them by type.
6.1.2: Summarize the distribution of major religions.
6.1.3: Analyze regional variations in the distribution of Christian branche
6.1.4: Describe the distribution of the major branches of Islam and buddhis
6.1.5: Describe the distribution of Hinduism and other ethnic religions.
6.1.6: Identify religions other than the most numerous ones.
6.2 – Why Do Religions Have Distinctive Distributions?
6.2.1a: Recount the origins of Christianity.
6.2.1b: Recount the origins of Islam.
6.2.2a: Discuss the origin of Buddhism.
6.2.3: Analyze the process of diffusion of universalizing religions.
6.2.4: Describe the distinctive migration patterns of Christian groups in m
6.2.5a: Trace the distinctive migration patterns of Muslims.
6.2.5b: Trace the distinctive migration patterns of Jews.
6.3 – Why Do Religions Organize Space in Specific Patterns?
6.3.1: Describe places of worship in various religions.
6.3.2a: Describe places to which Buddhists make pilgrimages.
6.3.2b: Describe places to which Muslims make pilgrimages.
6.3.3a: Give examples of religious settlements.
6.3.3b: Give examples of religious toponyms.
6.3.4: Compare the administrative organization of hierarchical and locally
6.3.5: Discuss the importance of the physical geography in ethnic religions
6.3.6: Understand the roles of holidays and calendars in various religions.
6.4 – Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
6.4.1: State reasons for geographic conflicts between religious and secular
6.4.2: Understand geographic elements of conflicts among religious groups i
6.4.3: Explain Israeli and Palestinian perspectives on Israel.
6.4.4: Explain the importance of Jerusalem to Jews and Muslims
Chapter 7
7.1 – Where are Ethnicities Distributed?
7.1.1: Distinguish between ethnicity and race.
7.1.2: Summarize changes in the classification of race and ethnicity in the
7.1.3: Compare the distribution of U.S. ethnicities.
7.1.4: Compare race and ethnicity in Brazil.
7.1.5: Describe the distribution of ethnicities within urban areas.
7.2 – Why Do Ethnicities have Distinctive Distributions?
7.2.1: Describe forced migration from Africa.
7.2.2: Describe the patterns of migration of African Americans within the U
7.2.3a: Explain the laws once used to segregate races in the United States.
7.2.4: Describe how ethnicities can be divided among more than one national
7.3 – Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflict?
7.3.1: Explain the differences between ethnicities and nationalities.
7.3.2: Identify the principal ethnic conflicts in Western Asia.
7.3.3: Identify the principal ethnic conflicts in West-Central Asia.
7.4 – Why Do Ethnic Cleansings and Genocides Occur?
7.4.1: Analyze current and past examples of ethnic cleansing and genocide.
7.4.2: Describe the breakup of Yugoslavia and its consequences for Balkan e
7.4.3: Explain the concept of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina.
7.4.4: Identify the principal recent episodes of genocide in Africa.
7.4.5: Identify the principal recent episodes of genocide in Central Africa
Unit 4
Chapter 8
8.1 – Where are States Distributed?
8.1.1: Explain the difference between a state of the world and a state with
8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some of Earth’s lan
8.2 – Why are States Challenging to Create?
8.2.1: Summarize how states developed historically.
8.2.2: Describe the modern development of nation-states.
8.2.3: Describe challenges in creating nation-states in the former Soviet U
8.2.4: Explain Russia’s status as a multinational state.
8.2.5: Explain the concept of colonies and describe their current distribut
8.3 – Why do States Face Threats?
8.3.1: Describe the functions of the United Nations.
8.3.2: Explain differences among three regime types.
8.3.3: Describe the distribution of nuclear weapons.
8.3.4: Describe the principal alliances in Europe.
8.3.5: Explain the concept of terrorism and cite U.S. examples.
8.3.6: Identify the major terrorist organizations.
8.4 – Why Do States have Distinctive Geographic Structure?
8.4.1: Describe the types of cultural boundaries between states.
8.4.2: Describe the types of physical boundaries between states.
8.4.3: Describe the types of geometric boundaries between states.
8.4.4: Describe the five shapes of states.
8.4.5: Explain the practice of gerrymandering and ways in which it is done.
8.4.6: Describe approaches to reducing gerrymandering.
Unit 5
Chapter 9
9.1 – Why Do People Consume Different Foods?
9.1.1: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in fo
9.1.2: Describe the distribution of undernourishment.
9.1.3: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in so
9.2 – Where Did Agriculture Originate?
9.2.1: Summarize the origin of agriculture.
9.2.2: Describe the principal differences between subsistence and commercia
9.3 – Where is Agriculture Distributed?
9.3.1: Describe agricultural regions and their relationships to climate reg
9.3.2: Explain the principal forms of agriculture in higher-density develop
9.3.3: Explain the principal forms of subsistence agriculture in lower-dens
9.3.4: Explain the principal forms of subsistence agriculture in lower-den
9.3.5: Describe the contribution of fishing to the world food supply.
9.3.6: Describe the basic principles of several forms of crop-based commerc
9.3.7: Describe dairy and ranching commercial agriculture.
9.3.8: Describe the basic principles of several forms of mixed crop and liv
9.4 – Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges?
9.4.1: Explain the contribution of expanding exports to world food supply.
9.4.2: Explain reasons for loss of farmland.
9.4.3: Describe how farmers and scientists have achieved productivity incre
9.4.4: Discuss the debate over the planting of GMO seeds.
9.4.5a: Identify principles of organic farming.
9.4.6: Analyze the importance of water in agriculture.
Unit 6
Chapter 12
12.1 – Where are Services Distributed?
12.1.1: Describe the three types of services.
12.2 – Where are Consumer Services Distributed?
12.2.1: Explain the concepts of market area.
12.2.2: Explain the distribution of different-sized settlements.
12.2.3: Explain how to use threshold and range to find the optimal location
12.2.4: Give examples of consumer services that do not have a fixed locatio
12.3 – Where are Business Services Distributed?
12.3.1: Explain the clustering of business services in global cities.
12.3.2: Describe two types of business services in developing countries.
12.3.3: Explain the concept of economic base.
12.4 – Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements?
12.4.1: Compare clustered and dispersed rural settlements.
12.4.2: Identify important prehistoric and ancient urban settlements.
12.4.3: Describe the two dimensions of urbanization.
12.4.4: Identify the location of the largest and fastest-growing urban sett
Chapter 13
13.1 – Why are Cities Challenging to Define?
13.1.1: Describe Three models of internal structure of urban areas
13.1.2
13.1.3a: Describe the use of vertical space in the CBD.
13.2 – Where are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
13.2.1
13.2.2:
13.2.3: Relate the models of urban structure to European urban areas.
13.2.4a: Describe patterns in precolonial in developing countries.
13.2.5: Understand how the three models of urban structure describe pattern
13.2.6a: Describe stages of development.
13.3 – Why Do Urban Areas Expand?
13.3.1: Explain the process of suburban growth.
13.3.2: Describe suburban sprawl.
13.3.3: Explain ways in which suburbs are segregated.
13.3.4: Describe the strategies to reduce the impact of motor vehicles in u
13.3.5: Describe the benefits and drawbacks of public transport.
13.4 – Why Might Cities Be More Sustainable?
13.4.1: Summarize social challenges faced by many cities.
13.4.2: Describe the process of gentrification.
13.4.3: Consider alternative methods for address traffic congestion.
13.4.4: Describe changes in vehicles and the impact of the changes on citie
13.4.5
Unit 7
Chapter 10
10.1 – Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
10.1.1a: Explain the concept of development.
10.1.2: Explain the HDI standard of living factor.
10.1.3: Explain the HDI education factors.
10.1.4: Identify HDI health factors.
10.2 – Where are Inequalities in Development Distributed?
10.2.1: Describe the U.N.’s measures of inequality.
10.2.2: Describe patterns of regional inequality within developing and deve
10.2.3: Describe the U.N.’s measures of gender inequality.
10.2.4: Describe the empowerment-related components of gender inequality.
10.2.5: Describe reproductive health elements of the GII.
10.3 – Why Do Countries Face Development Challenges?
10.3.1: Summarize the two paths to development.
10.3.2: Analyze reasons for the triumph of the international trade approach
10.3.3: Identify the main sources of financing development.
10.3.4: Explain alternate strategies for coping with economic downturns.
10.4 – Why are Countries Able to Make Progress in Development?
10.4.1a: Describe ways in which differences in development have narrowed.
10.4.2: Explain principles of fair trade.
Chapter 11
11.1 – Where is Industry Distributed?
11.1.1: Summarize the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
11.1.2: Describe the locations of the three principal industrial regions.
11.1.3: Analyze the three types of site factors.
11.1.4: Explain why some industries locate near their inputs.
11.1.5: Explain why some industries locate near markets.
11.1.6: Explain why industries use different modes of transportation.
11.2 – Why Do Industries Face Energy Challenges?
11.2.1: Identify the principal sources of energy supply and demand.
11.2.2: Describe the distribution of fossil fuel production and reserves.
11.2.3: Analyze changing patterns of oil trade and demand.
11.2.4: Evaluate possible future options for fossil fuels.
11.2.5: Describe the distribution of nuclear energy and challenges in using
11.2.6: Identify alternative sources of energy and challenges to using them
11.2.7: Compare passive and active solar energy.
11.3 – Why Do Industries Face Pollution Challenges?
11.3.1: Describe causes and effects of air pollution at local, regional, an
11.3.2: Compare and contrast point and nonpoint sources of water pollution.
11.3.3: Describe principal strategies for reducing solid waste pollution.
11.3.4a: Explain the concept of recycling.
11.4 – Why Are Industries Changing Locations?
11.4.1: Explain reasons for the emergence of new concentration of industrie
11.4.2: Explain the distribution of clothing production.
11.4.3: Summarize changes in the distribution of steel production.
11.4.4: Explain industrial location changes within developed regions.
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APHG Introduction
APHG Introduction
Human Geography
Intro
Activity
Unit 1
Chapter 1
Key Issue 1.1-Why is Geography a Science?
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
Key issue 1.2-Why is Every Place Unique?
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
Key Issue 1.3-Why Are Different Places Similar?
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
Key Issue 1.4-Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable?
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
Unit 2
Chapter 2
2.1 – Where are People Distributed
2.1.1: Describe the distribution of the world’s population.
2.1.2: Contrast regions of high and low population concentrations.
2.1.3: Compare different approaches to measuring density.
2.2 – Why is Population Increasing?
2.2.1: Summarize historical and current rates of population increase.
2.2.2: Compare global patterns of births and deaths.
2.2.3: Explain the stages of the demographic transition model.
2.3 – Why Does Health Vary by Region?
2.3.1: Describe differences in health care services among countries.
2.3.2: Explain reasons for risks to baby girls and mothers.
2.3.3: Relate the demographic transition to the distribution of age groups.
2.3.4: Explain four stages in the epidemiologic transition.
2.4 – Why Might Population Change in the Future?
2.4.1: Assess a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition.
2.4.2: Describe two reasons for declining birth rates.
2.4.3: List reasons for possible stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition.
2.4.4: Explain arguments for and against Malthus’s theory.
Chapter 3
3.1 – Where are Migrants Distributed?
3.1.1: Describe the relationship between the migration transition and the d
3.1.2: Recognize the principal streams of international and internal migrat
3.1.3: Explain the difference between emigration and immigration.
3.1.4: Describe the changing places of origin of U.S. immigrants.
3.2 – Where Do People Migrate Within Countries?
3.2.1: Describe migration patterns among U.S. regions.
3.2.2: Compare interregional migration in several large countries.
3.2.3: Describe three types of intraregional migration.
3.3 – Why Do People Migrate?
3.3.1: Explain cultural reasons for migrating.
3.3.2: Explain environmental reasons for migrating.
3.3.3: Identify economic reasons for international migration.
3.3.4: Describe the demographic characteristics of immigrants to the United
3.4 – Why Do Migrants Face Challenges?
3.4.1: Explain how governments control who can immigrate into a country.
3.4.2: Explain the role of quotas in U.S. immigration policies.
3.4.3: Summarize the diversity of conditions along the U.S.-Mexico border
3.4.4: Describe patterns of immigration in Europe and issues resulting from
Unit 3
Chapter 4
4.1 – Where are Cultural Groups Distributed?
4.1.1a: Outline concepts of folk culture.
4.1.2a: Compare processes of origin, diffusion, and distribution of folk cu
4.1.3: Trace the origin and diffusion of social media.
4.2 – Where are Leisure and Material Culture Distributed?
4.2.1: Compare differences in geographic dimensions of folk and popular mus
4.2.2: Describe how sports have been transformed from folk to popular cultu
4.2.3: Compare reasons for distribution of clothing styles in folk and popu
4.2.4: Identify reasons for folk and popular food preferences.
4.2.5: Analyze factors that influence patterns of folk housing.
4.3 – Why is Access to Culture Unequal?
4.3.1: Compare the diffusion of TV and the Internet.
4.3.2: Compare the distribution of social media platforms.
4.3.3: Evaluate threats to freedom in the use of electronic media.
4.3.4: Describe geographic features of cyberattacks and other misuse of soc
4.4 – Why do Cultures Face Sustainability Challenges?
4.4.1: Summarize challenges for folk culture from diffusion of popular cult
4.4.2: Summarize two principal ways that popular culture can adversely affe
4.4.3: Describe how popular culture can vary by region.
Chapter 5
5.1 – Where are Languages Distributed?
5.1.1: Explain how geographers classify languages.
5.1.2: Locate on a map the distribution of principal language families.
5.1.3: Identify the world’s most used languages and language families.
5.1.4: Identify the distribution of Indo-European languages.
5.1.5: Describe the distribution of language families other than Indo-Europ
5.2 – Why Do Languages Diffuse?
5.2.1: Identify processes of origin and diffusion of a language branch and
5.2.2: Analyze processes underlying current distribution of English.
5.2.3: Explain the concept of lingua franca.
5.3 – Why Do Languages Vary Among Places?
5.3.1a: Explain the concepts of official languages.
5.3.2: Analyze the ways that dialects vary.
5.3.3: Describe the distribution of principal U.S. dialects.
5.3.4: Summarize challenges in distinguishing between some languages and di
5.3.5: Give examples of countries that embrace more than one language.
5.4 – Why Do Languages Survive or Perish?
5.4.1: Define endangered languages.
5.4.2: Analyze geographic factors resulting in isolated and extinct languag
5.4.3: Describe how some lesser-used languages are being protected.
5.4.4: Summarize processes of growing and reviving languages.
Chapter 6
6.1 – Where are Religions Distributed?
6.1.1: Identify the world’s major religions and classify them by type.
6.1.2: Summarize the distribution of major religions.
6.1.3: Analyze regional variations in the distribution of Christian branche
6.1.4: Describe the distribution of the major branches of Islam and buddhis
6.1.5: Describe the distribution of Hinduism and other ethnic religions.
6.1.6: Identify religions other than the most numerous ones.
6.2 – Why Do Religions Have Distinctive Distributions?
6.2.1a: Recount the origins of Christianity.
6.2.1b: Recount the origins of Islam.
6.2.2a: Discuss the origin of Buddhism.
6.2.3: Analyze the process of diffusion of universalizing religions.
6.2.4: Describe the distinctive migration patterns of Christian groups in m
6.2.5a: Trace the distinctive migration patterns of Muslims.
6.2.5b: Trace the distinctive migration patterns of Jews.
6.3 – Why Do Religions Organize Space in Specific Patterns?
6.3.1: Describe places of worship in various religions.
6.3.2a: Describe places to which Buddhists make pilgrimages.
6.3.2b: Describe places to which Muslims make pilgrimages.
6.3.3a: Give examples of religious settlements.
6.3.3b: Give examples of religious toponyms.
6.3.4: Compare the administrative organization of hierarchical and locally
6.3.5: Discuss the importance of the physical geography in ethnic religions
6.3.6: Understand the roles of holidays and calendars in various religions.
6.4 – Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
6.4.1: State reasons for geographic conflicts between religious and secular
6.4.2: Understand geographic elements of conflicts among religious groups i
6.4.3: Explain Israeli and Palestinian perspectives on Israel.
6.4.4: Explain the importance of Jerusalem to Jews and Muslims
Chapter 7
7.1 – Where are Ethnicities Distributed?
7.1.1: Distinguish between ethnicity and race.
7.1.2: Summarize changes in the classification of race and ethnicity in the
7.1.3: Compare the distribution of U.S. ethnicities.
7.1.4: Compare race and ethnicity in Brazil.
7.1.5: Describe the distribution of ethnicities within urban areas.
7.2 – Why Do Ethnicities have Distinctive Distributions?
7.2.1: Describe forced migration from Africa.
7.2.2: Describe the patterns of migration of African Americans within the U
7.2.3a: Explain the laws once used to segregate races in the United States.
7.2.4: Describe how ethnicities can be divided among more than one national
7.3 – Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflict?
7.3.1: Explain the differences between ethnicities and nationalities.
7.3.2: Identify the principal ethnic conflicts in Western Asia.
7.3.3: Identify the principal ethnic conflicts in West-Central Asia.
7.4 – Why Do Ethnic Cleansings and Genocides Occur?
7.4.1: Analyze current and past examples of ethnic cleansing and genocide.
7.4.2: Describe the breakup of Yugoslavia and its consequences for Balkan e
7.4.3: Explain the concept of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina.
7.4.4: Identify the principal recent episodes of genocide in Africa.
7.4.5: Identify the principal recent episodes of genocide in Central Africa
Unit 4
Chapter 8
8.1 – Where are States Distributed?
8.1.1: Explain the difference between a state of the world and a state with
8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some of Earth’s lan
8.2 – Why are States Challenging to Create?
8.2.1: Summarize how states developed historically.
8.2.2: Describe the modern development of nation-states.
8.2.3: Describe challenges in creating nation-states in the former Soviet U
8.2.4: Explain Russia’s status as a multinational state.
8.2.5: Explain the concept of colonies and describe their current distribut
8.3 – Why do States Face Threats?
8.3.1: Describe the functions of the United Nations.
8.3.2: Explain differences among three regime types.
8.3.3: Describe the distribution of nuclear weapons.
8.3.4: Describe the principal alliances in Europe.
8.3.5: Explain the concept of terrorism and cite U.S. examples.
8.3.6: Identify the major terrorist organizations.
8.4 – Why Do States have Distinctive Geographic Structure?
8.4.1: Describe the types of cultural boundaries between states.
8.4.2: Describe the types of physical boundaries between states.
8.4.3: Describe the types of geometric boundaries between states.
8.4.4: Describe the five shapes of states.
8.4.5: Explain the practice of gerrymandering and ways in which it is done.
8.4.6: Describe approaches to reducing gerrymandering.
Unit 5
Chapter 9
9.1 – Why Do People Consume Different Foods?
9.1.1: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in fo
9.1.2: Describe the distribution of undernourishment.
9.1.3: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in so
9.2 – Where Did Agriculture Originate?
9.2.1: Summarize the origin of agriculture.
9.2.2: Describe the principal differences between subsistence and commercia
9.3 – Where is Agriculture Distributed?
9.3.1: Describe agricultural regions and their relationships to climate reg
9.3.2: Explain the principal forms of agriculture in higher-density develop
9.3.3: Explain the principal forms of subsistence agriculture in lower-dens
9.3.4: Explain the principal forms of subsistence agriculture in lower-den
9.3.5: Describe the contribution of fishing to the world food supply.
9.3.6: Describe the basic principles of several forms of crop-based commerc
9.3.7: Describe dairy and ranching commercial agriculture.
9.3.8: Describe the basic principles of several forms of mixed crop and liv
9.4 – Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges?
9.4.1: Explain the contribution of expanding exports to world food supply.
9.4.2: Explain reasons for loss of farmland.
9.4.3: Describe how farmers and scientists have achieved productivity incre
9.4.4: Discuss the debate over the planting of GMO seeds.
9.4.5a: Identify principles of organic farming.
9.4.6: Analyze the importance of water in agriculture.
Unit 6
Chapter 12
12.1 – Where are Services Distributed?
12.1.1: Describe the three types of services.
12.2 – Where are Consumer Services Distributed?
12.2.1: Explain the concepts of market area.
12.2.2: Explain the distribution of different-sized settlements.
12.2.3: Explain how to use threshold and range to find the optimal location
12.2.4: Give examples of consumer services that do not have a fixed locatio
12.3 – Where are Business Services Distributed?
12.3.1: Explain the clustering of business services in global cities.
12.3.2: Describe two types of business services in developing countries.
12.3.3: Explain the concept of economic base.
12.4 – Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements?
12.4.1: Compare clustered and dispersed rural settlements.
12.4.2: Identify important prehistoric and ancient urban settlements.
12.4.3: Describe the two dimensions of urbanization.
12.4.4: Identify the location of the largest and fastest-growing urban sett
Chapter 13
13.1 – Why are Cities Challenging to Define?
13.1.1: Describe Three models of internal structure of urban areas
13.1.2
13.1.3a: Describe the use of vertical space in the CBD.
13.2 – Where are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
13.2.1
13.2.2:
13.2.3: Relate the models of urban structure to European urban areas.
13.2.4a: Describe patterns in precolonial in developing countries.
13.2.5: Understand how the three models of urban structure describe pattern
13.2.6a: Describe stages of development.
13.3 – Why Do Urban Areas Expand?
13.3.1: Explain the process of suburban growth.
13.3.2: Describe suburban sprawl.
13.3.3: Explain ways in which suburbs are segregated.
13.3.4: Describe the strategies to reduce the impact of motor vehicles in u
13.3.5: Describe the benefits and drawbacks of public transport.
13.4 – Why Might Cities Be More Sustainable?
13.4.1: Summarize social challenges faced by many cities.
13.4.2: Describe the process of gentrification.
13.4.3: Consider alternative methods for address traffic congestion.
13.4.4: Describe changes in vehicles and the impact of the changes on citie
13.4.5
Unit 7
Chapter 10
10.1 – Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
10.1.1a: Explain the concept of development.
10.1.2: Explain the HDI standard of living factor.
10.1.3: Explain the HDI education factors.
10.1.4: Identify HDI health factors.
10.2 – Where are Inequalities in Development Distributed?
10.2.1: Describe the U.N.’s measures of inequality.
10.2.2: Describe patterns of regional inequality within developing and deve
10.2.3: Describe the U.N.’s measures of gender inequality.
10.2.4: Describe the empowerment-related components of gender inequality.
10.2.5: Describe reproductive health elements of the GII.
10.3 – Why Do Countries Face Development Challenges?
10.3.1: Summarize the two paths to development.
10.3.2: Analyze reasons for the triumph of the international trade approach
10.3.3: Identify the main sources of financing development.
10.3.4: Explain alternate strategies for coping with economic downturns.
10.4 – Why are Countries Able to Make Progress in Development?
10.4.1a: Describe ways in which differences in development have narrowed.
10.4.2: Explain principles of fair trade.
Chapter 11
11.1 – Where is Industry Distributed?
11.1.1: Summarize the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
11.1.2: Describe the locations of the three principal industrial regions.
11.1.3: Analyze the three types of site factors.
11.1.4: Explain why some industries locate near their inputs.
11.1.5: Explain why some industries locate near markets.
11.1.6: Explain why industries use different modes of transportation.
11.2 – Why Do Industries Face Energy Challenges?
11.2.1: Identify the principal sources of energy supply and demand.
11.2.2: Describe the distribution of fossil fuel production and reserves.
11.2.3: Analyze changing patterns of oil trade and demand.
11.2.4: Evaluate possible future options for fossil fuels.
11.2.5: Describe the distribution of nuclear energy and challenges in using
11.2.6: Identify alternative sources of energy and challenges to using them
11.2.7: Compare passive and active solar energy.
11.3 – Why Do Industries Face Pollution Challenges?
11.3.1: Describe causes and effects of air pollution at local, regional, an
11.3.2: Compare and contrast point and nonpoint sources of water pollution.
11.3.3: Describe principal strategies for reducing solid waste pollution.
11.3.4a: Explain the concept of recycling.
11.4 – Why Are Industries Changing Locations?
11.4.1: Explain reasons for the emergence of new concentration of industrie
11.4.2: Explain the distribution of clothing production.
11.4.3: Summarize changes in the distribution of steel production.
11.4.4: Explain industrial location changes within developed regions.
Notes
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