Unit 7

Unit 7: Industry and Development

Industrialization and Development (13 -17% or 10 - 13 questions on the AP Exam)

Students learn about the geographic elements of industrialization and economic development, including past and present patterns of industrialization, types of economic sectors, and the acquisition of comparative advantage and complementarity. Students also learn how models of economic development (e.g., Rostow’s stages of economic growth and Wallerstein’s world-systems theory) help to explain why the world is divided into a more developed economic core and a less developed periphery with (in some cases) a semiperiphery between them.

The analysis of contemporary patterns of industrialization and their impact on development is another important focus. Students use measures of development (e.g., gross domestic product per capita and the Human Development Index [HDI]) as tools to understand patterns of economic differences. Additional topics to be studied include Weber’s industrial location theory and accounts of economic globalization, which accent time–space compression and the new international division of labor. For example, students analyze the reasons why some Asian economies achieved rapid rates of growth in the mid- to late 20th century, whereas the economies of most countries south of the Sahara did not.

Students also examine the ways in which countries, regions, and communities must confront new patterns of economic inequality that are linked to geographies of interdependence in the world economy. Relevant topics include the global financial crisis, the shift in manufacturing to newly industrialized countries (NICs), imbalances in consumption patterns, the roles of women in the labor force, energy use, the conservation of resources, and the impact of pollution on the environment and quality of life.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.1 (7.1) – The Industrial Revolution

Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it also has contributed to geographically uneven development.

Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth and diffusion of industrialization.

7.A.1 – Industrialization began as a result of new technologies and was facilitated by the availability of natural resources.

7.A.2 – As industrialization spread, it caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow; it allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities and changed class structures.

7.A.3 – Investors in industry sought out more

· raw materials

· new markets

a factor that contributed to the rise of

· colonialism

· imperialism.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.2 (7.2) – Economic Sectors and Patterns

Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and development.

7.B.1 – The different economic sectors including:

· primary are characterized by distinct development patterns.

· Secondary are characterized by distinct development patterns.

· Tertiary are characterized by distinct development patterns.

· Quaternary are characterized by distinct development patterns.

· Quinary are characterized by distinct development patterns.

7.B.2 –

· Labor transportation (including shipping containers)

· the break-of-bulk point

· least cost theory

· markets

· resources influence the location of manufacturing,

such as

· core

· semi-periphery

· periphery locations.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.3 (7.3) – Measures of Development

Describe the social and economic measures of development.

7.C.1 – Measures of social and economic development include:

· Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

· Gross National Product (GNP)

· Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

· sectoral structure of an economy, both formal and informal

· income distribution

· fertility rates

· infant mortality rates

· access to healthcare

· use of fossil fuels

· renewable energy

· literacy rates

7.C.2 – Measures of gender inequality, such as the Gender Inequality Index (GII) include:

· reproductive health

· indices of empowerment

· labor-market participation

7.C.3 – The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation among states in levels of development.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.4 (7.4) – Women and Economic Development

Explain how and to what extent changes in economic development have contributed to gender parity.

7.D.1 – The roles of women change as countries develop economically.

7.D.2 – Although there are more women in the workforce, they do not have equity in wages or employment opportunities.

7.D.3 – Microloans have provided opportunities for women to create small, local businesses, which have improved standards of living.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.5 (7.5) – Theories of Development

Explain different theories of social and economic development.

7.E.1 – Different theories, such as:

· Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth help explain spatial variations in development.

· Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory help explain spatial variations in development.

· dependency theory help explain spatial variations in development.

· commodity dependence help explain spatial variations in development.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.6 (7.6) – Trade and the World Economy

Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places.

Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization and growing interdependence in the world economy.

7.A.1 – Complementarity and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade.

7.A.2 – Neoliberal policies including free trade agreements, have created:

· new organizations that foster greater globalization.

· spatial connections that foster greater globalization.

· trade relationships that foster greater globalization.

such as

o the EU

o World Trade Organization (WTO)

o Mercosur

o OPE

7.A.3 – Government initiatives at all scales may affect economic development, including tariffs.

7.A.4 –

· Global financial crises (e.g., debt crises)

· international lending agencies (e.g., the International Monetary Fund)

· strategies of development (e.g., microlending)

demonstrate how different economies have become more closely connected, even interdependent.

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.7 (7.7) – Changes as a Result of the World Economy

7.A.5 – Outsourcing and economic restructuring have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries.

7.A.6 – In countries outside the core, the growth of industry has resulted in the creation of new manufacturing zones --- including:

· special economic zones and the emergence of an international division of labor in which developing countries have lower-paying jobs.

· free trade zones and the emergence of an international division of labor in which developing countries have lower-paying jobs.

· export processing zones and the emergence of an international division of labor in which developing countries have lower-paying jobs.

7.A.7 – The contemporary economic landscape has been transformed by:

· post-Fordist methods of production

· multiplier effects

· economies of scale

· agglomeration

· just-in-time delivery

· the emergence of service sectors

· high technology industries

· growth poles

Unit 6 (7) – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ---

Topic 6.8 (7.8) – Sustainable Development

Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied through sustainable development strategies.

Explain how sustainability principles relate to and impact industrialization and spatial development.

7.A.1 – Sustainable development policies attempt to remedy problems stemming from

· natural-resource depletion

· mass consumption

· the effects of pollution

· the impact of climate change

7.A.2 – Ecotourism is tourism based in natural environments --- often environments that are threatened by looming industrialization or development --- that frequently helps to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population.

7.A.3 – The UN’s Sustainable Development goals help measure progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects.