Clinometer
A clinometer, also known as an inclinometer, is a tool that measures angles of slope (or tilt), elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity. Here's how you can make one:
A protractor
A piece of PVC pipe (around 30 cm long, with a diameter that allows you to see through it easily)
A small weight (like a washer or a small fishing weight)
String (around 50 cm)
Tape (duct tape or strong adhesive tape)
A ruler or measuring tape
A marker or pen
Step 1: Prepare the PVC Pipe
Cut the PVC pipe: Ensure the PVC pipe is cut to your desired length, around 30 cm works well for ease of handling.
Clean the pipe: Make sure the PVC pipe is clean and free from any dirt or stickers.
Step 2: Attach the Protractor to the PVC Pipe
Position the protractor: Attach the protractor to one end of the PVC pipe with the flat edge aligned with the end of the pipe. The curved part of the protractor (where the numbers are) should be facing outward.
Secure the protractor: Use tape to securely attach the protractor to the PVC pipe. Ensure it is as stable and flat against the pipe as possible.
Step 3: Attach the Weight
Tie the weight: Tie one end of the string around the small weight.
Attach the string to the protractor: Tape the other end of the string to the midpoint of the straight edge of the protractor, ensuring the string can hang freely when you hold the PVC pipe horizontally. The string should be able to swing freely and not touch the sides of the PVC pipe.
Adjust the length of the string: The string with the weight should be long enough to hang down and not touch the bottom of the PVC pipe when the protractor is attached to the pipe and held vertically.
Step 4: Calibrate Your Clinometer
Find a reference angle: To calibrate, you can use a known angle or a level surface. For a simple calibration, aim the clinometer at a level surface, and the weight should point to the 90-degree mark on the protractor.
Mark the PVC pipe: Use a marker to write degree marks on the PVC pipe if your protractor doesn't have degrees that are easily visible when attached to the pipe. This step is optional but can make reading angles easier.
Step 5: Using Your Clinometer
To measure an angle of elevation: Point the end of the PVC pipe without the protractor at the object whose angle you want to measure. Ensure the protractor is level (the weight will help you find level). Read the angle where the string crosses the protractor's degree marks.
To measure an angle of depression: Invert the clinometer and repeat the process, measuring from a high point to a lower point.
Ensure the string is perfectly centered and hangs freely for accurate measurements.
Use your clinometer to measure the height of trees, buildings, or even to determine the angle of a slope.
This simple yet effective tool combines basic materials into a practical instrument for educational experiments, outdoor activities, or DIY projects related to angles and elevation.