Judo
Judo, (meaning "gentle way") is a modern Japanese martial art and combat sport, that was created in Japan in 1882 by Dr Kano Jigoro. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either throw one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an opponent to submit by joint locking or by executing a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defences are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori).
The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy (teaching) developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from traditional schools (koryū). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, which was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914, Sambo, and Bartitsu. Practitioners of judo are called jūdōka.
Techniques and practice. While judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, hold downs, chokes, joint-locks, and strikes, the primary focus is on throwing (nage-waza), and groundwork (ne-waza). Throws are divided in two groups of techniques, standing techniques (tachi-waza), and sacrifice techniques (sutemi-waza). Standing techniques are further divided into hand techniques te-waza), hip techniques ( koshi-waza), and foot and leg techniques (ashi-waza). Sacrifice techniques are divided into those in which the thrower falls directly backwards (ma-sutemi-waza), and those in which he falls onto his side ( yoko-sutemi-waza).
The ground fighting techniques (ne-waza) are divided into attacks against the joints or joint locks (kansetsu-waza), strangleholds or chokeholds ( shime-waza), and holding or pinning techniques ( osaekomi-waza).
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