Motion, Forces and Energy
FORCE OF FRICTION, OR LACK OF!!
NEWTON'S FIRST LAW - ENERGY IN MOTION
ULTIMATE NUCLEAR ENERGY
This physics unit will cover the concepts of objects in motion, friction and gravity as forces and the types of energy.
HS-PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer
PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces
Learning Goal:
Through learning concepts of motion, force and energy, you will be able to design/demonstrate real life applications to the concepts of momentum, inertia, Newton's Laws, acceleration, electricity and magnetism
You need to pick at least two projects from each topic, then one more at random, for a total of seven.
Weeks 18 -24
January 2 - February 13
MOTION
*Describe Newton’s three laws of motion. Design an experiment demonstrating each law
*Explain the concepts of and compare the relationship between momentum and acceleration. Include the factors that influence each and the mathematical formulas for each. Design an experiment to test these concepts and to analyze the mathematical results explaining relationships. (Mousetrap car or lab experiment provided below)
*What is inertia - definition? Describe the mechanics of how seat belts work and the role of inertia. Design a demonstration to explain process.
FORCE
*Investigate the force considerations used in designing a football helmet or the considerations needed in making a NASCAR race safe. Design an experiment to demonstrate these concepts (egg drop?). You will need to understand how to calculate force.
*Using Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity(specifically how it relates to space/time), relate how these laws combine to explain Earth and the moon, our solar system and the Milky Way galaxy.
*Explain, including diagrams and/or videos, what the magnetosphere is and how this field protects the Earth. Also include supporting evidence that the Earth’s magnetic poles are shifting, and have done so in the past. Design a demonstration that models Earth’s magnetosphere as a magnetic field.
ENERGY
*Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy and the second Law of Thermodynamics. Compare how these two laws relate to the energy of the Big Bang Theory, what is happening to the universe now and the amount of energy available in the universe. This will include a discussion of entropy (what it is) and its role in what possible outcomes for the future of the universe
*Describe and include real life examples of the five forms of energy. Design an experiment/demonstration that provides a display of each form.
*Describe how energy can be transferred within a system from one object to another and from one form to another. Describe a system where there are at least four changes.
Design a Rube Goldberg machine to demonstrate this concept.
*How electric motors work. Design a demonstration that illustrates the process.
INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED:
Motion - Forces - Energy
Newton's Laws of Motion - what force makes an object stop moving (3types)?
What is a force that changes motion?
F=MA - Force is related to an object's mass and acceleration
What is the definition of Inertia - how does it apply to seatbelts?
Relationship between momentum, acceleration, velocity involves doing a lab, then analyzing data to make comparisons/relationship
- How to test how mass influences acceleration
- How does it relate to momentum
- Conclusions based on research and demonstration
Football helmet - what is made from, what happens to energy on impact, how is helmet tested, forces involved in concussion and hits in football
NASCAR - roof flaps, design of car/material, wall design, roll cage, safety harness, other - discussion of forces
involved in collisions/wrecks, calculating forces involved (F=MA) - application of Newton's third law of motion
Seat belt design - parts of, how the mechanism works
Rube Goldberg - 3=7 steps, 4=10 steps (takes notes on process)
Forms of energy and math formulas can all be found on website
Egg drop - 10 feet
Force = Newtons - 1N=1kg move 1m/sec/sec
Electromagnetism = electricity and magnetism
System = anything that includes connected parts involving changing energy. Ex: weather, internal combustion engine, human body
MONTHLY PROJECT SUGGESTED TOPICS
MOTION:
Newton's First law of motion
space travel, inertia
Newton's Second law of motion
acceleration, gas mileage, breaking distance, automobile designs
Newton's Third law of motion
jumping, liftoff, action reaction
Measuring motion
speed, acceleration, light speed, terminal velocity, red light blue light
Perpetual motion machines
FORCES:
Gravity
space and time
push and pull
math of space
terminal velocity
moon pulling tides
Newton's law of Universal Gravitation
Stephen Hawking's theories
Friction
sliding, rolling and fluid friction
motor oil
tire design
Magnets
Mathematics of force
ENERGY:
Potential v. kinetic
Mechanical energy
water power - dams, turbines
wind power
sound
Heat energy
thermal expansion
thermal energy - endothermic v. exothermic reactions
conduction, convection, radiation
heat v. temperature
thermochemical reactions - heat caused from chemical reactions
Chemical energy
rocket fuel
wood burning
biochemical energy - food - how sugar gives organisms energy
electromagnetism energy
moving of electrons
power lines - electricity
electric motors
light energy
electromagnetic spectrum
shock - lightning
Nuclear energy
fission and fusion
sun
atomic bombs
nuclear power
Newton's laws of thermodynamics - two
Hadron collider
FAMOUS SCIENTISTS
Albert Einstein
Isaac Newton
Stephen Hawking
Nikola Tesla
Thomas Edison
Georg Ohm
Marie Curie
Niels Bor
Many, Many others
STUDY GUIDE
Vocabulary
frame of reference
motion
force
friction
energy
constant speed
joules
fluid friction
sliding friction
rolling friction
gravity
inertia
speed
velocity
F=MA
acceleration
energy conversion
fusion
fission
convection
conduction
radiation
waste heat
thermal expansion
potential and kinetic energy
heat
temperature
Concepts
The five forms of energy and examples of each
Newton's first law of thermodynamics
Newton's three laws of motion
What is the difference between heat and temperature
Why do dragsters do burnouts
Math formulas
F=MA, s=d/t, final velocity-original velocity/time, momentum =massxvelocity
NOTES
FORCE:
force is a push or pull
wind pushes magnet pulls
moon pulls tides
force gives energy to an object
unit of measurement is a newton - one newton is the force needed to cause 1kg to move 1meter/sec for every second in motion
friction - force of opposites
sliding friction - solid objects slide over each other
rolling friction - solid objects roll over each other
fluid friction - friction in liquids (fluids include water, oil and air)
gravity force of attraction
depends on mass of object and distance away from each other
earth's gravity pulls down at rate of 9.8 m/sec/sec
Newton's Law of universal gravitation - all objects in the universe attract each other
MOTION:
motion - a change in position over time
frame of reference - the background or object that is compared to when describing movement
speed - distance object travel over time
s=d/t
constant speed - when object doesn't change speed
average speed - total distance divided by total time
velocity - speed in a direction (wind)
acceleration - rate which velocity changes - speed up, slow down, change direction
a = final velocity - original velocity /time
deceleration - decrease velocity
momentum - mass x velocity
any change in motion requires energy
Isaac Newton - 1665 - Three laws of motion
First law - an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by a force. An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by force
inertia - tendency of an object to resist any change in motion - purpose of seat belts
Second law - force and acceleration are related to an object's mass
f=ma
Third law - for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction - forces act in pairs - thrust
ENERGY:
energy is the ability to do work
measured in joules
potential energy - energy at rest
kinetic energy - energy in motion
five forms energy
mechanical - energy of movement
water, wind, sound
heat - results of motion of atoms
friction converted to mechanical energy creates heat
thermal expansion - volume of object increases with motion of molecules
dragsters doing burnouts just before race
heat - how fast molecules are moving and how many there are
temperature - how fast molecules moving
heat gets transferred throughout atmosphere three ways
conduction - transfer of heat directly from one object to another - ground to air
convection - transfer of heat through fluids - warm air rises - convection currents
radiation - transfer of heat through empty space
chemical - energy required to bond atoms or break bonds - rocket fuel, wood burning, digestion
electromagnetism - moving of electrons through a magnet to create a magnetic field
power lines, electric motors, light, electromagnetic spectrum, lightning
nuclear - fission, fusion
energy conversions - change in form of energy
Law of conservation - amount of energy in universe always same
Law of thermodynamics - energy cannot be created nor destroyed only changed form
whenever change in form of energy energy is lost - waste heat - lightbulb
not all energy is converted from one form to another - lighting a match
Project 2 lab
Lab report format will be the standard format
Do lab with 2 different cars with different mass.
1. measure length of ramp - find midpoint
2. roll car from start - time to midpoint
3. roll car from start - time from midpoint to end
4. roll car from start - time length of ramp
5. 2-4 calculate speed, momentum, acceleration of car (this is the essential part for motion rubric)
6. roll car from start and time from end of ramp to stop - find speed
7. roll car from start and time until car comes to stop - find average speed
8. find acceleration of car on ramp, deceleration off ramp, calculate force
Conclusion should include thoughts as to why you got two different results
Energy conversion lab (follows energy notes)
tennis ball, racquet ball, ping pong, golf ball, super ball
Make a prediction of which ball will have the highest return height and why.
Do activity on classroom tables and on rug in hall.
1. bounce each ball 3x each from 30cm, 60cm, 90cm
2. observe height of first return bounce and record
3. why doesn't it bounce as high?
4. bounce height vs. ball type
Find average return height for each ball at each height