We tested learners' vocabulary knowledge across multiple sub-components. A description of each sub-component, together with the materials and data, will be provided below.
The CA-TTT tests 120 of the top 2,000 lemmas from the Lonsdale and Le Bras (2009) frequency list for French and the Davies and Davies (2017) frequency list for Spanish. It contains words from two frequency bands—1–1,000 and 1,001—2,000—with each band containing 60 target words and 60 distractor words. Target and distractor words are split across 20 clusters.
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This task involved L1-to-L2 translation of isolated words. Participants saw a list of the English for the 50 target words (in a randomised order across participants) and had to translate each word into French or Spanish by typing in a box, with or without the determiner. (They were told they didn’t have to use “the word for ‘a’ or ‘the’”). They were asked to use accents where necessary.
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Materials:
Experiment:
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The lexical decision was a speeded Yes–No test and included 60 written target (real) words (including the 50 critical items) and 60 written pseudowords as distractors. Participants saw each word one at a time in the centre of the screen and had to press the left arrow if they thought the word was real and the right arrow if they thought the word was fake.
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A subset of participants from the 2023 cohort also completed a meaning-recall test that included 60 high-frequency words from the Lonsdale and Le Bras (2009) frequency list for French and the Davies and Davies (2017) frequency list for Spanish. Of these 60 words, 30 were from the curriculum list and 30 were not. In this task, participants were presented with French or Spanish words (in a randomised order across different participants) and were asked to translate the word into English.
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We administered an adaption of part of Laufer’s (2024) written test focusing on comprehension of derived words without any context to provide clues. In this test, the target derived words (n = 24 for French; n = 22 for Spanish) were presented in isolation, alongside the meanings of the pseudoword stem.
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Materials:
Experiment:
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