We tested learners' grammar knowledge across multiple sub-components. A description of each sub-component, together with the materials, are provided via the links below.
Participants read each sentence and had to determine whether it was ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’, with no time constraints imposed. (An ‘I don’t know’ option was included to reduce guessing behaviour.) Prior to the main items, two practice sentences (one grammatical and one ungrammatical) were provided.
Links to the materials and experiment:
Materials:
Experiment*:
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The stimuli were identical to those in the grammaticality judgment task, but instead participants heard each sentence and were recorded (audio-recorded by a (female) L1 speaker) and then had to repeat what they had heard.
Links to the materials and experiment:
Materials:
Audio files:
Experiment*:
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Participants read 10 sentences, each containing one grammatical error, which participants had to identify and correct.
Links to the materials and experiment:
Materials:
Experiment:
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Participants read 40 sentences each with one gap, covering a broad spectrum of grammar features, and filled in the gap using the four options provided. No time constraints were imposed. The grammar features were sampled from the GCSE subject content at the time (DfE 2015/2022) and the revised content (DfE 2022/2025).
Links to the materials and experiment:
Materials:
Experiment:
* This export allows you to upload the Qualtrics survey to your own Qualtrics account.