source-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_ZcCqqpS2o

1.Coagulation and filtration process

Chemicals called coagulants are added to the water they are mixed with rapid mixing, these chemicals have opposite charges to neutralize the sediment or bacteria and eliminates them shelves in the process. Then they go into the mixing bases,then the chemicals are added agiang but with slow mixing, and they create floc particles

2.Sedimentation

The the floc goes into the Sedimentation bases and the Floc sedlies on the bottom of the bases then it turns into sludge which can be used as fertilizer or can be dumped into a landfill, where it can cover a layer of trash so the decaying part of the process can begin, so back to the plant and in some plants they use dissolved air flotation bases,

3.filtration

In this process, the water will start getting clear, this process will filter out all the natural sediment, and most bacteria, Most plants will use Sand Filters, sand filters use fine on top, meduim in the middle and course sand on the bottom, sand filters are the most effence but they do not remove all of the debre, many plants also use Activated Carbon Bases, they are really just gaint water filter tanks, the activated carbon has a bunch of tiny pours which can catch tiny sediment,it improves the smell and taste but is not nessary

4. Last Process, Disinfection

There are 3 main ways Chlorine can be added then it can be removed, but can create byproduces which is bad for human heath

Ozone or O3 is added to the water and it kills the bacteria in the water as well as improving the taste and oder,

Uv is shined through water and ruins dNA, IT dose not kill bacteria but it makes it impossible for it to reproduce making it harmless

These proscess can be combined to treat the water.

The city of Denver primary gets its water from South Platte River, Blue River, Williams Fork and Fraser River, their is already a problem of how they get their water, it comes from multiple different sources which makes it hard to see where the problems are coming from, if it comes from one source then you don’t have to guess where the problem is coming from but if you have multiple, then it is hard to find the source, that is why they have trouble finding where the lead is coming from, it is probloly coming from a factory that is abandoned, it has been a few years but ther problem is getting worse, they have 7 souces where it can come from, but then it can be anywhere on those creeks or rivers making it take several years to find what source it is coming from, let alone a few years to find where on the source, and several more to solve the problem, by now it has at least caused a 1,000 deaths, this is a major problem for the city of Denver.

Day 1

Why didn’t the Citizens of Woburn bring criminal charges against the companies that polluted the water?They don't have deep pockets, they did not know who did it.

Do you think people should be allowed to sue companies? Do you think the money awarded should be limited?No, I think all the money should go to the companies not the people, and for the companies there's no limit and the people are very limited, so we can make profits.

Why are civil court attorneys (personal injury) sometimes ridiculed by other lawyers? Give an example of this from the film. As Ambulance chasers

Since the Woburn case, a “whistle blower” law has been enacted to protect workers who report illegal and damaging activities carried out by their employers. Do you think this law is needed or is an example of governmental over-reach? Explain. No, People should be able to be sued by a false complaint and just cause from the company and can and will be fired.

Day 2

It is difficult to prove a human disease like cancer was caused by pollution; explain why. Because lots of things can cause cancer like soy, stars like your sun, even electronics, etc, unless you find out the chemicals, you can't prove anything.

How might emotion affect jury trials? Elaborate.Some Family may be harmed and as a result some people might feel anger or sadness and may fail to beat the companies.

Why do most civil cases never come to a trial? Elaborate with examples from the film. Their is not enough evidence or money, to do trail, the town wanted to make the person who was responsible to say they were sorry but did not have enough money or evidence

What role does money play in the Civil Court system? Give as many examples as possible. Money is everything, to make anyone be punished full instead of losing a small portion meaning their will be nothing to stop that person for doing it again unless you make them poor.

Day 3

What do you think would happen if you limited the amount of money a trial attorney can charge? If that person is rich enough, she can do as much as she likes and she will turn your life upside down.

Science can prove causation but what problem does it pose in the judicial system?

If you have enough evidence you can prove false facts or claims, you can also hide chemicals so they don’t show on the test results.

When companies are purchased by other companies they legally assume the liabilities of those companies. Do you believe this law is fair? Why or why not? No, their is not enough evidence even after investigation to sue the company, the lawyers also spent 1.4 mill for just one case.

Federal agencies are frequently criticized as being unnecessary. After viewing the film, has your opinion of regulatory agencies changed? Explain. If the agencies did not change we can have a better foot hold over the people.

You were surprised by the way the court functioned? Do you believe this ituation was unique?I was surprised the lawyers tried to use old laws that are very out of date.

What is your opinion of the lawyers depicted in the film?

I think that they should not give up that easily, and should pay attention to the lawyers for the people, they will give us trouble

Would you try to sue if in a similar situation? Explain.

No, then someone could sue me for putting toxic byproducts in the well water.

https://www.zillow.com/homedetails/0-Quartz-Rd-CA-89011/2092015085_zpid/

0 Quartz Rd CA 89011

Land 53.33 acres

Comes with water rights

Price-$179,000

Plan-

1 buy land

2 build ground pumps

3 build a perimeter metal wall

4 instal pipes

5 instal sprinklers

6 build metal roof

7 Install wiring

8 instal lights 7

9 install solar panels on the outer wall

10 build rails for machines

11 build plowing machines, and harvesting machines

12 install machines to rails

13 harvest and run for a year

14 build another floor with steeps 3-12

15 harvest and run for a year

16 repeat steps 3-16

And eventally I will have a massive skyscraper in the middle of no where and all I need to ship it.

joe sap, and ZachattaxYT presents Chemical pollution

where the pollution comes from

it comes from factories

Why is it harmful

it can cause diseases,

What type of impacts does it have on the ecosystem

it can kill or disease wildlife, or give them birth defects

EXPLAIN HOW THE ANIMALS/PLANTS/MICROBES ARE BEING HARMED

they can get diseases that can not make them reproduce, give them birth defects, kill whole populations of fish, deer, etc.

ex-dupont releases c8 into the ohio river that gets into the human drinking water and gives them birth defects, and gives them cancer.

Is there a safe level for the pollution

yes depending on the chemical, c8 only needs 1 drop to be toxic

Is there a toxic level for the pollution

yes depending on the chemical, c8 only needs 1 drop to be toxic

What is being done to prevent the pollution

the water clean act.

How could you improve what is already being done to decrease or get rid of the pollution

to make a plan to dispose of the chemical of gen x/ improved c8, like instead of releasing it into the water way we could put it into barrels underground.

Make a flowchart explaining all of the above.

V Flow chart V

Case Study 1: The El Paso Smelter

Compiled and modified for instructional use by: Kate Darby, Western Washington University

In 1887, Robert Towne built a metals smelter two and a half miles northwest of El Paso, Texas, across the river from Ciudad Juarez in Mexico and across the state border from several small towns in New Mexico. The smelter, which processed metal ore from regional mines, was quickly acquired by ASARCO (American Smelting and Refining Company) and became an important visual and economic institution in the region. In 1967, following the mantra of environmental regulation at the time—"the solution to pollution is dilution"—ASARCO erected what was then the tallest smokestack in the world: an 828-foot structure visible from much of the region. While the facility provided jobs to many in the region and produced metals important for a range of manufacturing and consumer products, by the 1970s, residents and scientists began to question the other products from the smelter—especially heavy metals pollution.

ASARCO owned and maintained land adjacent to the smelter; this area was called Smeltertown and was home to thousands of residents at its peak, and a few hundred in the early 1970s. Two of the earliest studies of their kind in the world discovered elevated blood lead levels in children living in Smeltertown. As a result of this finding, by 1973 all of the residents of Smeltertown had been forced out, and the broader Paso del Norte community began to pay more attention to lead and arsenic contamination. These heavy metals tend to settle in soils, though there is some connectivity between soil, air, and water contamination. Both lead and arsenic create serious health problems in children, who often ingest particles while playing outside or from indoor dust. Remediation of contaminated soils is very costly and difficult; in most cases, contaminated soil must be physically removed and replaced with clean soil.

In 1999, ASARCO temporarily closed the smelter, ostensibly due to decreasing copper prices. At this time, activists began taking a closer look at heavy metals contamination outside of Smeltertown, especially in the residential areas of El Paso surrounding the smelter. Eventually, this prompted governmental action. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) spearheaded residential cleanup efforts in El Paso through programs created by the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Also known as Superfund, CERCLA establishes procedures for cleanup issues associated with abandoned hazardous waste activities. When abandoned industrial areas are designated as Superfund sites under CERCLA, they are added to the National Priorities List (NPL), which includes the most serious hazardous waste cleanup sites. CERCLA also designates funds for hazard removal actions for sites needing immediate (within six months) cleanup response; the off-site cleanup in El Paso was funded partially through this immediate cleanup program. As part of the requirements laid out in CERCLA, the EPA collected data to determine the extent of contamination to prioritize cleanup efforts.

Discussion Questions:

• What is the problem?lead is getting in the blood of children

• What might have caused the problem?Lead getting in the soil

• What data would you want to assess to address the problem?Two of the earliest studies of their kind in the world discovered elevated blood lead levels in children living in Smeltertown.

Case Study 2: The Salton Sea

Compiled and modified for instructional use by: Lisa Phillips, Illinois State University, llphill@ilstu.edu

On September 10, 2012, several million southern California residents reacted with alarm to an unfamiliar noxious scent. The Air Quality Management District officials in the Los Angeles region were initially at a loss to determine the odor's source. Investigators from Ventura to Palm Springs looked for toxic spills, sewage plant leaks, and gas line breaks—all for naught.

The smell's origin was the Salton Sea more than 150 miles away and not usually upwind. The smell of an algal bloom and subsequent massive fish kill released odor molecules redolent with the stench of environmental decay.

Lying below sea level at -227 feet, the shrinking 375-square-mile Salton Sea is a shallow saline lake that has experienced periodic flooding and states of complete evaporation since the late Holocene. Geographically it is located between the Mohave and the Sonoran deserts, the San Andreas and the San Jacinto fault zones, and US and Mexican interests. Because 90 percent of the wetlands in California are gone, it has become a major stop for birds in the Pacific Flyway. The migratory birds feed upon introduced species—Atlantic pileworms and tropical tilapia.

In 1905, two things happened to form the current body of water. First, engineers created a channel to divert water from the Colorado River to irrigate the floundering Imperial Valley, and, second, the Colorado River experienced a record flood due to excessive snowmelt upstream (Stringfellow, np). The primary reason the Colorado River stopped filling the enormous puddle was that a railroad tycoon decided to help California officials by transporting enough rock (and the labor to move it) to dam and re-channel the river. The plan worked, and, because of the desert environment, the Salton Sea was not expected to last for more than twenty to thirty years. However, agricultural run-off from the adjacent Imperial Valley has allowed the water body to persist although there have been some dramatic fluctuations in size.

The Salton Sea is the largest inland body of water in California. The question for those who occupy the currently shrinking perimeter of the Salton Sea, those who live farther away, and for the many who are unwillingly subjected to its odor is one that we all must consider: do we seek remedies to the environmental plagues we visit upon ourselves?

The Salton Sea as an evaporating body of water emits flickering stress signifiers. The odor "waves" do more to draw attention to ecological damage than a persistent odor does. A normal human olfaction system (the biological sense of smell) becomes accustomed to a persistent scent relatively quickly—something named "extinction"/conditioned stimulus in olfactory research circles. However, infrequent or fluctuating bad smells are more likely to trigger a response. If the Salton Sea keeps up its stench "events," which seems likely given its history, and the weather patterns continue to be erratic, also likely given the trajectory of global climate change, then one might be led to believe that the Salton Sea might be able to invoke some sort of remedial response. That the Salton Sea sends up scent signals of environmental distress directs our sensory attention, which, in turn, provokes political response and ethical responsibility. Unsurprisingly, given its desert location, the Salton Sea is evaporating, but this has taken much longer than expected due to the agricultural run-off from the Imperial Valley. However, that water is now being diverted to cities like Palm Springs and Los Angeles, and the Salton Sea level has shown a rapid decline in recent years.

To help explain the ways in which water rights and environmental damage might be addressed or mitigated with greater parity for marginalized people and non-human life in increasingly arid regions, Peter Harries-Jones in A Recursive Vision notes, "all information is material in that news is carried by a sense-perceivable event" (75). In the Salton Sea instance, the scent event is a harbinger of alarm that draws attention to catastrophic effects of climate change and human malfeasance in a zone of indetermination represented by the sea itself. The unpleasant scents and sights associated with the degradation of the Salton Sea are highlighted throughout the provided materials.

Discussion Questions:

What is the problem? The sea is draining

What might have caused the problem? The dam, and adaculter

What data would you want to assess and address the problem? The smell of an algal bloom and subsequent massive fish kill released odor molecules redolent with the stench of environmental decay.

What sorts of narrative frameworks ought we consider to address the complexity of the situation and the ethical consequences of the choices people made? The algee bloom and when the dam was built the water level decress and the wetlands disapeared.

How is the reek of the Salton Sea working to provoke human outcry over environmental degradation? The algee bloom is killing fish so when a order comes to a city people start to complain.

How are non-human agents impacted, implicated, or ignored in our ecological perceptions? The wetlands disappear, and it helps the birds get water before they head west.

Case Study 3: My Water Smells (and Tastes) Like Gasoline!

Compiled & modified for instructional use by: Mike Phillips, Illinois Valley Community College, mike_phillips@ivcc.edu

Wedron, Illinois — LUST, dust, and other sensory impacts

This case study is an examination of the chemical and sensory impacts of a variety of environmental issues including sand mining, leaking underground gasoline storage tanks (LUSTs), and a railroad.

Wedron is a small, unincorporated town of approximately 100 residents in north central Illinois. A large sand mine has been in operation on the south and west sides of the town for many decades, and the mine property includes several abandoned and active pits, a processing plant, and a train car loading facility. Railroad tracks are located along the east side of town as is a grain elevator (storage and loading facility).

The following information was obtained from the US EPA web site about Wedron, personal visits to the town, and published news articles.

In April 1982, Illinois EPA began a groundwater investigation in Wedron after the Illinois Department of Public Health received complaints from several residents of gasoline-type odors in their private well water. Illinois EPA collected groundwater samples from several private wells in April 1982, June 1983, and August 1983, and confirmed the presence of chemicals found in gasoline. At that time, a new deeper well was drilled to provide clean drinking water to the affected homes. In addition, an investigation of several potential sources of contamination was completed, one possible source, an old gasoline station, was identified, and the gas station property was cleaned up.

In 2011, residents of Wedron reported gasoline odors from their water. As a result, the Illinois Department of Public Health collected groundwater samples in October 2011 and found two homes with benzene levels above the health standard. In November 2011, the LaSalle County Health Department told these residents to no longer drink or use their well water. Illinois EPA then contacted the US EPA, which began the current investigation. Beginning in December 2011 and continuing through 2015, the US EPA collected groundwater samples from residential and commercial wells in the town. These samples were tested for the presence of a family of chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds and metals. A cluster of wells were found to be contaminated with VOCs commonly associated with gasoline. Residences with wells showing contaminant levels above drinking water standards were first provided with a filtration system and then connected to wells drilled into a deeper, uncontaminated aquifer. The US EPA identified several possible sources, including abandoned underground gasoline storage tanks and former gasoline stations (including the previously identified one), and began working with the responsible parties to develop a cleanup plan.

The sand mine and attendant facilities had a role in altering the direction of groundwater flow, and leaking gasoline storage tanks were found on the property; however, the contamination found in the residential wells was not linked to the sources at the sand mine's facility. The investigation did reveal community concerns about silica dust associated with the mine, and an investigation of those concerns was begun.

In the early months of 2013, environmental activist Erin Brockovich and associates from the law firm where she works were contacted and began working with some local residents to ensure that the groundwater contamination was removed.

Discussion Questions:

• What is the problem?gas in the wells

• What might have caused the problem?the plant might of drilled into gas pipes

• How did the problem come to the attention of local residents? When their water smelt like gas.

• Local government official? The state and US EPAs?they hear complants from the resendents.

• What data would you want to assess and to address the problem?The sand mine and attendant facilities had a role in altering the direction of groundwater flow, and leaking gasoline storage tanks were found on the property