Cholera
This is 1 strain of the Bacteria
A has disease and B does not
Name the disease-Cholera
What kind of disease is it (bacteria, virus, etc...)-bacteria
How did it get into the water?-contaminated rice
Is it treatable, if not, why? If so, how? 4 easy steps rehydration, Intravenous fluids,Antibiotics and Zinc supplements
Symptoms of the disease-diarrhea, and genetic disorders like the puppy in picture a and c
How to prevent the disease-in 5 easy steps, most of them are just logical
1- drink and use safe water
2-wash your hand often with safe water
3-use latrines or bury your poop
4-cook food well
5-clean up safely
Namaqua Rain Frog Scientific Paper
One may wonder if any animal sounds like a dog toy or such silly things like that. There is such an Animal. The Namaqua Rain Frog is an amphibian that squeaks like a dog toy when it is angry. The Namaqua Rain Frog is not the typical frog. They live in a coastal desert and most frogs live near ponds or lakes near lots of vegetation. It has a nickname of the Desert Rain Frog, and its scientific name is Breviceps namaquensis.
The Desert Rain Frog makes a squeak when it is angry or feels threatened. There are not many records on predators hunting this animal but for its small size Scientist think that animals such as bigger mammals or birds. This frog biggest threat is not its natural predators but humans. Like most animals, humans or human activity is the most threating to their species. Its conservation status is considered vulnerable, not common but not almost extinct ether, but should start to be a concern. Global warming is starting to become a threat to the Desert Rain Frog. If the sea level rise it will take out the Desert Rain Frog's habitat.
One may wonder what such a frog eats. It loves to burrow and eat the insects that may dare to come near it. Its favorite food is larva. Besides the squeaking and also inflates when it is mad. All frogs need moisture to survive. So most amphibians live near a lake, pond, stream or lake. Most frogs need fresh water but the Namaqua Rain Frog get moisture underground from salt water in the middle of the desert. Vegetation can be covered in water after days after it rains, and can easily get cover in water by a simple fog. So it is a complete surprise that a frog can live in a desert. It also eats vegetation as much as possible but that is simple hard to do in most deserts. This makes it a omnivore. It gets most of its moisture from some of the deep wet sand. Although it tries to live to coastal areas as much as possible its favorite place to live is the desert dunes. It Typically lives in Africa.
Desert frogs are yellow and brown making it hard to see in the desert. Their skin type is permeable. Its most distinctive feature is its limbs and its small body. This comes to a surprise that it isn't able to hop. They weigh up to 0.4 ounces and can reached up to 2.5 inches or 6.35 centimeters. The Desert Rain Frog is Nocernal
Reptile Vs Reptile Battle Project
who do you think would win in a battle
Other People votes - Total Votes - 24
Toothless - 7 votes
Hydra - 4 votes
Bowsette - 3 votes
Python - 3 votes
Little Foot - 3 votes
Gayle - 1 vote
Stormfly - 1 vote
Bowser - 1 vote
What is a Reptile?
A reptile is a vertebrate animal of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. They are distinguished by having a dry scaly skin and typically laying soft-shelled eggs on land.
What I think should have won by logic, reasoning, and history.
Little Foot Vs Stormfly
Little foot is known to take down multiple tyrannosauruses, but Stormfly can fly and little foot has trouble taking down flying animals, and usually tries to dodge attacks and hide from flying objects or animals. Stormly not only can fly but can shoot a magnesium beam which can easily melt your average tank. Stormfly can shoot spiked projectiles form her tail and little foot has a huge weakness towards spiked projectiles. So in this case Stormfly should have won this fight.
Bowser Vs Minecraft Hydra
Bowser can get super big but Bowser can not fly giving the Hydra the height avenge. The legendary Hydra can easily beat Bowser as Bowser weakness is now exposed as his weakness is on the top of his head. Bowser while can get as big as mount Everest can easily break unbreakable blocks with it's huge fire balls while the hydra can not. Bowser can also build huge castles that can easily defeat the Hydra. In this case Bowser should have won this fight.
Stormfly Vs Bowser
Bowser can get super big but Bowser can not fly giving the Stormfly the height avenge. Stormfly can easily beat Bowser as Bowser weakness is now exposed as his weakness is on the top of his head. Bowser while can get as big as mount Everest can easily break unbreakable blocks with it's huge fire balls while the hydra can not. Bowser can also build huge castles that can easily defeat Stormfly. In this case Bowser should have won this fight.
Bowsette Vs Yellow Striped Python
Bowsette can easily beat the Yellow Striped Python even as normal size. as the Python's main way to kills is by strangling it's pray, and Bowsette's spikes and horn's will easily puncturing the snake, easily killing it, not to mention like Bowser she can get super huge and can easily stop for flame the snake. So in this fight Bowsette won the fight.
Toothless Vs Gayle
Most People would think Gayle would be helpless in this battle, but Gayle can craft weapons like axes, and can jump pretty high. She would least at least 5 minutes to a deadly foe, Toothless is nicknamed Night Furry for a reason. Gayle could get a few cuts on Toothless before she would end in her unavoidable doom. Just like in Httrd, she would be like the Vikings, most Vikings when meeting with a Night Furry would never see the light of day again and even the most legendary figures will eventually die to toothless. In this case, toothless would get a pretty easy battle but only with a few cuts here and there.
Toothless Vs Bowsette
Bowsette can get super big but Bowsette can not fly giving the Toothless the height avenge. Toothless can easily beat Bowsette as Bowser weakness is now exposed as his weakness is on the top of his head. Bowsette while can get as big as mount Everest can easily break unbreakable blocks with it's huge fire balls while the Toothless can not. Bowsetee can also build huge castles that can easily defeat Tootless. While Toothless is a master escape artist, this would be the deadliest trap toothless has ever been in. Bowsette has all the tools that she would ever need. Even though Toothless deafeated huge foo In this case Bowette should have won this fight.
Reproduction of Reptiles
How Little Foot Reproduces
Little Foot is a Apatosaurus
Apatosaurus reproduce like most mammals and some reptiles, they get on top of each other and do it (mate). Although they mate like normal their sheer size makes it hard to reproduce. Most Scientist think that it would break bones of the dinosaur, but the world was able to support huge animals so thertilizay hood of Apatosaurus breaking bones is very little possibility.
After mating the Apatosaurus will do internal fertilization and then the female makes a nest before she lays the eggs. She waits for it to hatch protecting it from predators.
How StormFly Reproduces
Stormfly is a Deadly Nadder which is a type of dragon. The female and the male finds a safe spot away from predators usually on a island, meadow surrounded by rocks or small cliff side. They they land and get on top of each other. they spread their wings and then they mate. Dragons like a lot of mammals and reptiles do internal fertilization inside the female. The female Deadly Nadder makes a small nest for 1 to 12 eggs on a tree or on the ground. The Female lays the eggs in the nest and protects the eggs till they hatch.
Dissection Reflection - Fetal Pig
Dissection Reflection
Write a paragraph describing your experience while dissecting. Include the following information...
What did you enjoy about dissecting?
What did you NOT enjoy about dissecting?
What are two things that surprised you while dissecting?
Did dissecting change your mind about your future field or course of study?
If you had the opportunity to dissect again, what would you want to do differently?
I did enjoy the pig not kicking me because I'm used to biossection for medical reason, most people like to call it biopsy or surgery. I also enjoy learning more about the pig's brain, liver, muscles, muscle fibers, heart. I thought it was fun but the people who were helping me were mostly grossed out. I liked dissecting the pig better than the frog, as the frog will hold the juice inside it's skin. The pig didn't made a mess until we ripped open the rib cage. Most people hate dissecting but I think it is a fun learning experience. The only thing I did not like was trying to skin, it took up the most time as I had to very effenice and fast, but in fact I was the most proficient and fast in the whole class according to Ms. Jenkins, my instructor. The two things that surprised me was how much people hate and are gross out while dissecting, and how hard it is was how easy it is to cut a fdal animal. Although it was fun it did not change my mind about field. If I did have another opportunity to dissect again I would do the skinning more efficiently.
Virus- are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and lipids
A typical virus is composed of a core of dna or Rna surrounded by a protein coat
Capsid-virus’s protein coat
Bacteriophages-virus that infects bacteria.
Lytic infection
Lysogenic infection
Process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst.
The host cannot tell the difference between its own DNA and the Dna of the virus
Which in turn creates vira; mRna which is transmitted into viral proteins, and cause a cell to shut down. When the cell burst into small particles it causes other cells to become infected.
Process by which a virus embeds its dna into the dna of the host cell and is replicated along with the host Dna.
Lysogenic virus are not active right away, and may remain inactive for a period of time.
Prophage-the viral dna that is embedded in the host cell’s Dna.
Retro Virus
Virus that contains rna as its genetic info
Will cause death to the host cell
May remain inactive for periods of time
Mollusk
Characteristics
Soft bodied coelomates
Bilateral System
Most have shells
3 major body sections with one way digestive system
Mantle - forms the outer layer of the body
Foot muscular region, used primarily for locomotion
Radula - a tongue like organ
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization of eggs occurs externally in aquatic mollusk
Produces a larva called trochophore.
Group of mollusk
Gastropods
Snails and slugs
Single shell
A pair of tentacles on the head with eyes
A foot for movement
Terrestrial species
Amphibians
Characteristic
Vertebrates
Live in water as larva and on land as an adult
Moist skin
Lack scales and claws
Feeding
Tadpoles
Herbivores and filter feeder
Adults
Feeding apparatus and digestive tract are transformed to strictly carnivorous
Structures
Their intestines shortens
Respiration
Lava stage
Gas exchange occurs through their skin and gills
Adult stage
Lungs typically replaces gills, some gas exchange through the skin
Some salamanders do not have lungs
Circulation
3 chamber heart
Left atrium
Right atrium
Ventricle
Double loop circulatory system
1st loop - Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, and takes oxygen rich blood from the lungs and skin back to heart.
2nd loop - transports oxygen rick blood form the heart to the rest of the body.
Reproduction
Most amphibians reproduce externally
Salamanders are an exception their eggs are internally fertilized
Most amphibians abandon their eggs after they lay them
Frogs go through metamorphosis
Response
Nictitating Membrane - Movable membrane is located inside the eyelid: protects the eye from damage under water and kept moist on land
Tympanic Membrane (ear Drum) vibrates in response to external sound.
Lateral line - like those of fish: that detect water movement.
Groups of Aphibhibans
Salamanders-Long bodies and tails
Most have 4 legs
Both adults and larvae are carnivores
Live in moist woods:Under rocks and rotting logs
Frogs and Toads-
Frogs Ability to jump
Long legs for lengthy jumps
Tried to water
Adult frogs lack tails
Toads-Short legs for short hops
Often live in moist woods and deserts
Lack legs
Caecilians-Legless animals
Live in water or burrow in moist soil
Eat small invertebrates such as termites
Fishlike scales embedded in their skin
Project - namaqua rain frog
Reptiles
Respiration
Lungs of reptiles are spongy, providing more gas-exchanges
Area.
Most reptiles have 2 efficient lungs
Some snakes only have 1 lung
Reptiles do not have the ability to breathe through their skin
Circulatory system
Double-loop system
One loop brings blood to and from the lungs
Second loop bring blood to and from the rest of the body
Reptile heart
2 atria
Either 1 or 2 ventricles.
Excretion
Urine is produced by the kidneys
Urine flow through tubes directly into a cloaca
In other, urinary bladder stores urine before expelled from he cloaca
Claco is muscular cavity at the end of the large intestines in which
Response
Reptiles are active during the day
Tend to have complex eyes and can see color
Snakes have an extremely good sense of smell
Most reptiles have a pair of sensory organs in the roof if the mouth
Some reptiles can pick up vibrations
Vipers can detect body heat
Movement
Reptiles legs tend to be larger stronger compared to amphibians
Their legs tend to be rotated under the body to carry more body weight
Aquatic turtles legs and feet develop into flippers
Reproductive
Reproduce by internal fertilization
After fertilization female reproductive system covers the embryos with several membranes = leathery shell
Amniotic egg composed of a shell and membranes that create a protected environment for the embryo to develop
3 membranes- yolk sac, chorion and allantois.
Groups of reptiles
Lizards and snakes
Crocodilians
Turtle and tortoise
Tuataras
Lizards
Characteristics
Scaly
Legs
Clawed Ties
External ears
Moveable eyelids
Snakes
Characteristics
Legless
Highly efficient predators
Crocodilians
Order Crocodilia - alligators crocodiles, caimans and gavials
Characteristics
Lond and broad snout
Squat appearance
Carnivores
Aligators - live only in freshwater and found north and south america
Crocodiles - live in either freshwater or saltwater native to africa, india and southeast asia.
Turtles and Toroises
Turtle - refer to members that live in the water
Tortises refers to members that live on land
Characteristics
Shell built into the skeleton
Consists of 2 part
Dorsal - carapace
Ventral - plastro
Lack Teeth - they have ridges on the top or lower jaw deliver a damaging bite
Strong limbs
Tuataras
Found only on a few small islands off the coast of New Zealand
Characteristics
Lack external ears
Retain primitive scales
Third eye complex organ on the top of the brain that can sense sunlight.
Cartilaginous Fish
Skates and rays have flattened bodies
Bony Fish
Most successful vertebrates
Stong endoskeleton made completely of bone
Fully developed lateral line system
Endothermic - animals that generate heat internally through metabolism of food
A mammal requires 10 times as much food as an ectotherm (cold blooded) animal of the same size
Mammals can live in very cold climates
Endothermic allow animals to be very active, but requires a lot of oxygen.
More Characteristics
Only animal that has hair
Functions for hair
Insulation
Camoflage
Sensory Function
Warns predators (such as skunk)
Specilized Teeth
Reflect the differences in their diet
Baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth
Females reproduce milk
All mammals reproduce internal fertilization
Mammal classified into 3 groups
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental Mammals
Placental Mammals Reproduction
Complete their development inside the mother
A structure called the placenta attaches the fetus to the mother
Movement
Mammals use various modes of locomotion including
Running hopping Climbing
Burrowing
Flying
Swimming
\
Response
Mammal reply on senses for survival
Bats use echolocation to see around
The Red Fox
Description
Red foxes have mainly reddish orange fur with some black and white fur. They belong to the K9 family, about the same size as a medium dog like a Boxer or Golden Rechever. They are lightweight and weigh up to 31 pounds. The biggest red fox weighted up to 38 pounds.
Fattest Fox
Typical Fox
Fox Pup
Location
The Red Foxes Lives all over Europe, Asia, little of Africa, Northern North America and Southern Australia. They seem very common according to where they live but actually there are only 19,200 in the globe.
They Live In These Ecosystems
Tigia
Plains
Woodland
Forest
Mountains
Alpine
Lush Caves
Frozen Caves
And Many More
Biomes They Try To Avoid
Tundra
Desert
Jungle
Why They Avoid Tundra, Desert, and Jungle
Foxes are omnivores unlike the wolf. They will eat any vegetation they can find or kill small animals, so it makes sense that they try to avoid the desert and Tundra because of lack of vegetation, but the arctic fox will live and burrow in the tundra snow. So why do they avoid the jungle? They avoid the Jungle because of it's hot climate and they love the cold. Some foxes like the fennec foxes love the hot climates but hate the cold. This is true for most cases although sometimes they do migrate to these areas whether it would be their original habitat has no food, humans destroyed their home and lots more reasons.
Shelter
Caves
Burrow
Den
Many Foxes like to make a home underground., whether it would be burrowing, making a fox made den or just using a cave. Caves are just a cheap shelter for a fox, and Lush caves have lots of food while also being a shelter. Caves are ideal for red foxes but a lot of times they are taken by wolves or by bears, so they have to make a small burrow or a big den.
Food
They eat birds, rodents, small animals, worms, and beetle grubs. However, foxes are also quite partial to fruit and, in adapting to our environment, they have developed the ability to eat almost anything such as cheese, bread, vegetables, and table scraps. They have the most diverse diet in the K9 family. The fox is required to eat at least one pound of food a day.
Predators
Young red foxes are primarily preyed upon by eagles, while mature red foxes can be attacked by larger animals, including bears, humans and mountain lions.
The Biggest Threat To Red Foxes
The main threat to red foxes is global warming and humans. Humans have hunted and trapped red foxes for centuries. Climate Change will get rid of vegetation and increase desertification.The red fox's prey are becoming less abundant in some areas, and it faces increased competition which is moving northward as temperatures warm. It is predicted that 1 million spices will be extinct on Earth.
Fox Trapping
Spring Foothold Traps
Cage Trap
Snare
There are 3 main different traps: Spring Foothold Traps, Cage Traps, and Snares. Fox trapping have been going on for a long time. Trapping dates back to the 15th century. In 2019 in the UK, the UK banned fox hunting and fox hunting with hounds. Even it is banned, people still fox hunt with hounds mainly. It is still legal to trap and hunt foxes in the US. When the UK still allowed fox hunting about 400,000 foxes were kill in an average year. In the US, it is about 80,000 foxes. The UK hunted quadruple the amount the US. It would of token the US 5 years to kill that many foxes.
Reproduction
Red Foxes mate during the winter. After mating, the female will make a den. The female can have up to 12 pups in a litter. When the pups are born, they're a brown and gray color. Within a month the color red will slowly come into the pups fur. Both parents will be taking care of the pups until next fall. Female pups can be sexually developed at 10 months. Male pups take longer than the females to become sexually developed. sadly to say, when the pups stay with their parents for about a year. The pups stay about 1/3 of there life with there family before leaving the den. Sometimes the parents will split up the pups for safety reason. The breeding season is from January through March. After a gestation period of 51 to 53 days, females give birth to a litter averaging 4 or 5 pups. Now of course they may mate before or after mating season but they will find a better chance of finding mate in mating season.
Sometimes a black fox comes out but it is a rare experience.
Classification
Life Span
Red Fox Pup
Adult Red Fox
Old Red Fox
The average lifespan of a red fox is 33 years, but the oldest red fox on earth is 36 years old and is still alive. They normally die of sarcoptic mange which is a type of skin disease caused by mites. When the disease does not go away and gets bad enough it can affect their agility, mating practices, seight, and hearing.
Locomotion
The normal way a red fox uses locomotion is by walking or trotting, but for brief periods a red fox can run, attaining a speed of about 42 kph or 26 mph, that is 1 mph than the fastest human, but the grey fox is almost 2 times faster than the red fox. A grey fox can go up to 42mph while a red fox only can go 26mph.
Interesting Facts
The red fox has some amazing hearing. Foxes can hear their prey underground and mainly low frequencies. With the good hearing they are able to hear others. Foxes can have up to 12 different vocal sounds. Pups can have up to 8 vocal sounds. Over time the pups will learn the 4 other sounds.
The red fox den is very advanced compared to most animals, they have food storage, a kindergarten, and several entrances and exits.
Foxes have more than 40 different calls making a primitive language. Red foxes have a 0.33 civilization rating while humans have a 0.77 civilization rating.
Population
As you can see in the graph there is a huge decline in red fox population in the 1979 to 1988, this was due to over hunting and trapping. They were mostly hunted and trapped for their red fur. Fur traders would make lots of money getting a red fox fur than any other animal. Rich people would make clothes out, usually scarfs or coats, to look pretty or to keep very warm in the colder months. Today it is rare to see red foxes on earth, and they are still hunted today despite their low populations.
Now hunters might not be the biggest threat to red foxes anymore. Accelerated climate change or man made climate change could prove more of a threat to foxes as wildfires, desertification and violent storms make it harder to survive.
Electric Ell Scientific Paper
Electric Eel
Did you know that
the Electric eels can grow up to 8
feet? The Electric eel lives in South America. While
rare, an Electric eel can kill a human, there are very few deaths with large
mammals but it is totally possible so don’t try it unless you have a death
wish. The Electric eel can release about 875 volt that is like 584
AA batteries in one shock.
Electric eels are
found in murky pools and calm stretches of the middle and lower Amazon and
Orinoco river basins in South America.
Most eels hide and live in caves and rock crevices. They also like
to burrow
in the sand. These behaviors allow them to surprise and
attack their prey.
Adult electric eels
are generalist carnivores, eating fish, crustaceans, insects and small
vertebrates, such as amphibians, reptiles and mammals. They love to
eat crustaceans, invertebrates, small fish and smaller eels as it is they favorite food. In captivity, they may eat fresh or frozen
squid, crustaceans, feeder fish or other meats.
They may kill or
injure bigger animals if they feel threatened.
They also might kill or injured bigger animals if hungry enough like all animals. When an eel is submerged, the power of its electrical
pulses is distributed throughout the water, freezing its target into state of
shock. Out of water, the high voltage electrical salvo
zaps a target directly through the skin near the eel's chin, intensifying the
effect. A single jolt from
an electric eel could incapacitate
a human long enough to cause him or her to drown, even
in shallow water.
They are more
closely related to carp and catfish.
Electric eels are members of the
knifefish family and not the eel family.
All of an electric eel’s vital organs are crammed into the front 20% of
its entire body. The rest is packed with 6000 cells that act like tiny
batteries. The electric
eel's shock act more like a stun grenade than a tesla gun. That means you are
more likely to die from drowning than from the shock itself. Electric eels
reproduce during the dry season. The eggs are deposited in a well-hidden nest
made of saliva, built by the male,
this is called external fertilization.
In field observations, an average of 1200 embryos were hatched. Fecundity
counts have been documented as high as 17,000 eggs.
Credits
CNN 2016
Kidskonnect 1999-2021
National Geographic
2021
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/facts/electric-eel
Phys Org 2021
Reuters 2021
Smithsonian’s National
Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute 2021
Sea Star Vs Sea Cucumber
What makes sea stars stand out. When sea stars are unregulated or overly overpopulated, they can eat the entire kelp forest. You may know it by it’s common name the Starfish or Sea Star, but it’s Scientific name is Asteroidea. It is classified as a Invertebrate. It’s an Omnivore, but mostly eats meat from dead marine life. It lives typically up to 35 years, and can grow from 4.7 to 9.4 inches. The max it can weigh is up to 11 pounds.
A Sea Cucumber is an echinoderm that has a thick wormlike body with tentacles around the mouth. They typically have rows of tube feet along the body and breathe by means of a respiratory tree. It’s also called Holothuroidea which is it’s Scientific name.
It is classified as an invertebrate which means it has bones of some kind, and it is an omnivore which means it eats plants and animals.
Its average life span is 5 to 10 years and can grow from 0.75 inches to 6.5 feet
Rather be
Me - Sea Star
Austin - Sea Cucumber
Daniel - Sea Star
Krystal - Sea Star
Giant Squid Paper
Giant Squid
The biggest giant squid is 18 meters (59 feet) in length making it a real life kraken. The giant squid is the biggest type of squid. The giant squid rivals the colossal squid in overall size. Giant squid live deep underwater in the Twilight Zone at depths between 1,000 feet and about 2,000 feet. Most giants Squids live in the Atlantic ocean but some of them live in the Pacific ocean. The giant squid has 2 large tentacles, a huge mantle 2 large fins and 8 arms. Giant squid's red color provides camouflage in the deep sea because the only available light is blue. Red pigment absorbs blue light so the squid appears to be black and not very visible. The giant squid is part of the Architeuthidae Pfeffer family of the Oegopsida order of the Cephalopoda class Mollusca phylum. All squid lay eggs making them fertilize externally. Most Scientist don't know the exact way that giant squids reproduce, mainly because scientist only found females. The male probably has a fairly large penis to implant sperm directly into the female
BBC, 2021
National Geographic, 2021
Ocean Conservancy, 2021
Squid11 2008
http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4225#:~:text=Habitat,%2C%20fish%2C%20and%20even%20humans.
Te PaPa, 2021