Ref.Text: R.O.Winstedt - "Outlines"

PREFACE. 

The last eight chapters of this MS., which was copied for Raffles on paper bearing the water-mark C. Wilmott 1812, have been already published in this Journal (Volume III, Part I, April 1925) by Dr. C. O. Blagden with philological notes, notes on the spelling and a description of the MS, It did not, however, strike Dr. Blagden that the MS. might contain that nucleus of the ordinary version of the Annals, ''a history brought from Goa" (by an orang Kaya Sogoh according to some MSS.) and edited in Johor in 1612 A.D. I adduce evidence that Raffles MS. No. 18 is in fact the Goa history and was written before 1536 A.D. The introduction is an addition after 1612. So is the concluding sentence that the writer was Raja Bongsu, who almost certainly was the patron of the 1612 edition and afterwards came to the Johor throne as Sultan ‘Abdu'llah (b. 1571, d. 1623). So, too, the reference on p. 164 of the MS. to Sri Pikrama Raja of Batu Sawar may be an interpolation, though Batu Sawar may well have existed before 1536. 

The chapters in the MS. are not numbered but indicated by red ink. 

The MS. contains (fol. 50) the old interrogative particle kutaha, that occurs also in the Hikayat Pasai. It contains fiveª examples (fols. 42, 64) of an interrogative mayaª, and fourª examples (fol. 99) of a word taban apparently meaning "just now." The Persian word sar-had “frontier" occurs twice. And there are a fair number of puzzles for the philologist. 

I have to thank Dr. C. O. Blagden for permission to make use of his romanised text of the last eight chapters - for textual notes on those chapters reference must be paid to his paper cited above. Dr. Ph. van Ronkel, Professor of Malay in the University of Leiden, has been kind enough to translate such Javanese passages as are not hopelessly corrupt. Dr. A. S. Tritton, of the School of Oriental Studies, has romanised many Arabic quotations but is not responsible for those I may have omitted to refer to him. And Mr. C. S. K. Pathy of that school has given me advice on some Tamil names. Finally I am indebted to the notes on the 1612 version of the Sĕjarah Mĕlayu in Dr. C. Hooykaas, Over Maleische Literatuur. 

R. O. WINSTEDT. 

School of Oriental Studies, 

London, 1938. 

p.1

CHAPTER I. 

A doxology borrowed from the Bustan a's-Salatin of 1638 A.D. Then as on page 35 infra. 

A paraphrase (pp. 4-7) of the Hikayat Iskandar or story of Alexander the Great as a Muslim Missionary prompted by the Prophet Khidlr. He conquers Kaid the Indian and marries his daughter Shahru'l-Bahriah. Shahru'l-Bahriah bears a son Aristun (= Aristotle, Alexander's tutor), who by a Turkestan princess begets Aftasª, whose descendant Tersi Berderas (=? Narsi) marries a daughter of Raja Sulan, King of Amdan and begets Raja Suran, to whom all countries but China are subject. 

Going to conquer China, he reaches Gangga Nagara, "a place on a hill, looking steep from the front and low from behind, whose fort still exists inland from Dinding, a little north of the Perak river." He slays its king and marries his sister Zaris. Then he comes with the Keling troops to Ganggayu (whose ''dark fort is still up the Johore river"), a place with a Siamese name. Its ruler Chulan falls, and Raja Suran weds his daughter Onang Kiu and comes to Temasek (Singapore). (Suran and Sulan are folk-lore variants of Chulan, and the raids probably those of the Chula kings in the XIth century). 

A Malay version (pp. 13, 14) of the tale of Alexander sending a ship with a year’s provisions in search of new lands to conquer; it meets a ship belonging to another world conqueror, which for two years had toured on the same quest. Here Raja Suran sends a ship to find China. 

A Malay version (p, 14-16) of Alexander's descent into the sea. Again, the hero is not Alexander but Suran, who marries a mermaid and begets three sons. Chulan returns to Kalinga and founds Bija (= Wijaya) Nagara (capital of a Deccan kingdom, famous 1335-1646, a capital destroyed before 1565). By Zaris, princess of Gangga Nagara (Perak) he begets Bichitram Shah, who discontented with the kingdom Chandukani allotted to him, sets out on adventure. Of his two brothers, Palidutani ruled Amdan and Nilamanam {ruled} Bija Nagara. "The tale of Raja Suran is as long as the story of Hamzah." 

p.2

CHAPTER II.

At Andelas, i.e. Palembang, Demang Lebar Daun, a descendant of Raja Sulan (and Alexander!) ruled by the river Melayu, at the foot of Bukit Si-Guntang below Mount Mahameru (= Hindu Olympus). Hither came other descendants of Alexander, the three sons of Raja Suran by the mermaid (daughter of Aftabu'l-Ardl): 

Nila Pahlawan, Krisna Pandita and Nila Utama,¹ mounted on (Shiva's) bull and carrying the old Minangkabau regalia, a chorek (or churika Skt) Si-Mandang Kini (?= Skt. Mandakini, from the heaven-sprung Ganges), a mace, a lance and a seal. 

The rice turns into gold and silver at their coming. And the bull vomits, a herald Batala² coming out of the vomit to proclaim Nila Utama king with the style of Sang Sapurba Tarambri (?= Trimurti Skt.) Tri-Buana. Sang Sapurba, so holy that his embraces give 39 brides skin disease (so common in aborigines), finds a bride too sacred to succumb, in Wan Sendari (= Sundari Skt.) daughter of Demang Lebar Daun. His brothers marry the two girls to whom (by matrilineal descent!) the rice-clearing belongs, Wan Empo' and Wan Malini (Malini Skt, = garlanded). 

Sang Sapurba becomes ruler of Palembang in place of his father-in-law, and begets two sons Sang Maniaka and Sang Nila Utama (Really Suprabha, Tilottama and Menaka are the names of three nymphs of India's heaven!). The Emperor of China wants to marry a daughter of Sang Sapurba, and is given his eldest , Princess Sri Dewi. A Chinese Mandarin marries a princess Lotus, found in the foam of the Palembang river, and from that union are descended the rulers of upper Palembang “to this day." 

Sang Sapurba (p. 27) sails from Palembang to Tanjong Pura (in Borneo) where the Batara of Majapahit meets him and marries another of Sapurba's daughters, the Moon Princess (Chĕndĕra Dewi), from whom are descended the rulers of Majapahit. His son Maniaka marries a daughter of the ruler of Tanjong Pura and becomes its ruler. 

Sang Sapurba sails on to Sambu. The Queen (Pĕrmaisuri) of Bentan has the extraordinary name of Iskandar Shah. The Queen is a widows whose husband used to go to Siam and was the first Malay to get the Muslim naubat, that is installation by kettle-drum. Sapurba's other son, Nila Utama, marries her daughter Wan Sri Beni and rules Bentan, being given by his father a crown and a seal. 

Sapurba visits Ruku, Balang, and Kuantan, where to get fresh water he dips his feet in the sea in a ring of rattan, turning the salt water fresh unto this day, and the spot is opposite Muara Sapat. He ascends the Kuantan river and the people of Minangkabau elect him king; provided he can kill the serpent Saktimuna, that harasses their fields. Sapurba gives his churika to one of his warriors, who slays the serpent, though his blade receives 190 notches. From Sapurba are descended the rulers of Pagar Ruyong, Minangkabau. 

p.3

CHAPTER III. 

Nila Utama goes on a picnic to Tanjong Bemban and sees across the water Ujong Tanah, called Temasek (an old name for Singapore). Crossing to it, he encounters a storm and throws away all the cargo, even his crown. Reaching Temasek, he sees a strange animal which he is told is a Lion (singa). So he changes the name of Temasek to Singapura and is crowned there as Sri Tri-buana. He begets two sons Raja Kechil Besar and Raja Kechil Muda. 

A descendant of Demang Lebar Daun becomes ruler of Bentan with the title Tun Telanai. 

CHAPTER IV. 

Raja Kechil Besar, son of Nila Utama, marries in Singapore. Princess Nila Panchadi daughter of a prince of Kalinga, Jambuga Rama Mudaliar, son of Adi Wiranama Raja Mudaliar of the line of Raja Suran of Bija-Negara. She comes in charge of Naina Marikara Ampama. Raja Kechil Besar succeeds his father and is styled Paduka Sri Pikrama Wira. His brother, Raja Kechil Muda, is styled Tun Perpateh Parmuka Berjajar and becomes the first Bendahara. Another of the family became Ferdana Mentri and was styled Tun Perpateh Permuka Segalar, and another Bendahari, being called Tun Jana Buga Bendang (or better Dĕndang = Crow) . 

CHAPTER V. 

The Batara of Majapahit, Radin Inu Merta, a descendant of Sang Sapurba on his mother’s side, sent his cousin of Singapore a wood shaving 42 feet long to show the skill of his craftsmen. Rolled like an earring it reflected on the manhood of the Malays ! 

Sri Pikrama Wira had a child’s head shaved by an adze before the envoys. Angry tlie Batara sent a fleet to take Singapore but it failed. Sri Pikrama Wira is succeeded by his eldest son who takes the title of Sri Rana Wira Kerma. 

CHAPTER VI. 

A Johore folk-tale of Badang, a strong man born at Sayong (a fifteenth century Malacca settlement on an upper tributary of the Johore river). Pie was a slave at Sluang and got his strength from a genie who ate the fish in his trap. In return for his life, the genie gave Badang his vomit to eat and so made him strong. 

p.4 

His fame caused a summons to Singapore, where defeating a Kling champion Nadi Bijaya Pikrama he lifted a rock which is now at the mouth of the Singapore river. For diplomatic reasons he was not allowed to beat a wrestler, Benderang, from Perlak When Badang died, a Kling raja sent a stone for his grave at Buru. Rana Wira Kerma died and was succeeded by his son, Da.sia Raja, who took the title Paduka Sri Maharaja. He had a son, whose head was crushed by the midwife so that it had a hollow in the middle, wherefore he was called Iskandar dzu’l-Karnain. 

CHAPTER VII. 

A paraphrase of part of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai. 

CHAPTER VIII.

A version of Siam’s attack on Semudera, which unlike the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, makes Siam victorious. At that time all the people of Semudera could talk Arabic. The prime minister Saidi 'Ali Ghiathu'd-din, took gold and silver flowers and golden ducks, that could swim to Siam and in return got back the king of Pasai. Siam is called Shahru’n-nuwi. = New City, Ayuthia founded about 1350.

CHAPTER IX.

A paraphrase of Hikayat Pasai. It adds the tale of a Pasai man, Tun Jana Khatib (apparently a Muslim) who went to Singapore with one friend from Bungoran and another from Selangor and was creesed because in front of the royal harem he showed his magic and caused a betel-palm to split in two. Some say he was buried in Langkawi.

CHAPTER X.

Sword-fish attacked Singapore (?=Chula fleet with shark-headed prows) and a boy who defeated them by suggesting a fence of banana stems was killed as being too clever to live. 

Iskandar Shah became king of Singapore and had a son Raja Ahmad, called Raja Besar Muda, who married a daughter of Sulaiman, raja of Kota Mahligai, (? capital of Patani). Iskandar impaled a mistress, the daughter of Sang Rajuna Tapa, who summoned the Javanese from Majapahit to attack Singapore and opened its gates to them. Raja Iskandar fled to Seletar and thence to Muar.

CHAPTER XI.

Raja Iskandar moved to Biawak Busok and Kota Burok, placed a Mantri over Sening Ujong and came to Bertam where leaning against a mĕlaka tree he saw a mouse-deer attack a dog : so he founded a settlement there and called it Melaka.

p.5

In three years he died, and his son Raja Besar Muda ruled Malacca to be succeeded in turn by his son Raja Tengah, who was succeeded by his son Raja Kechil Besar. This last ruler, after exactly the same experience as Malik al-Saleh in the Hikayat Pasai, becomes Muslim, and is styled Muhammad Shah. Some MSS. say he instituted Malacca court ceremonial and give an account of it : — 

the gifts of royal raiment for various ranks resembling closely those of the later Moguls (Irvine in J.R.A.S., New Series,. July 1896, p. 533). The story then continues. “ Kata rawi," says the author, “ Malacca now stretched from Bruas to Trengganu.’’ 

CHAPTER XII. 

A Muslim, Nizamu'l-Muluk Akbar Shah, ruled Pahili in the Kling country. His eldest son, Mani Purindam, quarrelled with his younger brother Raja Akbar Muluk Paclnka Shah (because he refused to give their sister a gold draught-board), and sailed to Malacca.  Wrecked at Jambu Ayer he was carried ashore on a barracouta fish and clung to a gandasuli tree, so that for his descendants both that fish and those flowers are taboo. He went to Pasai and married a daughter of the ruler.  Then after visiting India, he came to Malacca with seven ships and some soldiers under one Khoja ‘Ali Tandil Muhammad. He was given the rank of a Mantri and married Tun Rana Sandari, daughter of Sri Nara 'diraja, who bore him a son Tun ‘Ali and a daughter Tun Wati, who married Sultan Muhammad and bore him a son Raja Kasim. By a daughter of the Raja of Rokan Sultan Muhammad had another son Raja Ibrahim, who succeeded him and, killed in a Tamil intrigue led by a merchant Maulana Jalalu’d-din and Sri Nara 'diraja, was known as Sultan Abu-Shahid.  The author depicts the rising as against the rule of Malacca by the Raja of Rokan, the murder of the Sultan as accidental and the treason of the Bendahara as forced.  Raja Kasim becomes Sultan Muzaffar Shah.  The Bendahara takes poison and Sri Nara 'diraja succeeds him. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Bubunnya, ruler of Shahru'n-Nuwi of Siam, sends Awi Chakri to attack Malacca by way of Pahang, because the new Sultan would not admit allegiance to him. The Pasai court chamberlain, Sri Amerta, asks Tun Perak why he has got his women also with his forces brought from Klang to resist the invader. “ Because they'll fight better ", says Tun Perak, and the Sultan moves him to court and makes him Paduka Raja.  To placate the old Bendahara Sri Nara' diraja, the Sultan divorces his wife Tun Kudu and gives her to him, and he makes Paduka Raja Bendahara.  At that time there were 3 famous countries Majapahit, Pasai, Malacca and 3 famous men Pateh Aria Gajah (d. 1364), in Pasai Raja Kenayan and in Malacca Bendahara Paduka Raja. 

p.6 

The Siamese under Awi Dichu attack Batu Pahat but are scared by innumerable torches lit in the trees. The king of Siam orders his son Chau Pandan to invade Malacca, but Sidi, an Arab of Malacca, shot an arrow towards Siam, vowing Chau Pandan to die. He dies and the attack is not made. 

Muzaffar Shah dies and his son Raja 'Abdu'llah aged 27, becomes Sultan Mansur Shah.. He attacks Pura (Pahang) ruled by Maharaja Dewa Sura, a relative and subject of the king of Siam, captures him and marries his daughter Wanang Sri.  The commander, Sri Bija 'diraja is given Pahang to rule.  There follow (pp. 85, 86) intimate tales of the king of Pahang as a prisoner and expert mahout. 

A folk-tale of an embassy, under Tun Tĕlanai, sent to Siam with a letter containing compliments that can be read in several ways. Tun Talanai's forces help Siam in a campaign and by a trick (p. 89) get a post of vantage. P. 90 contains (? an interpolation) mentioning Sri Agar Raja, Tun Kiayi " who died at Acheh." 

CHAPTER XIV. 

(A chapter on the Malacca semi-mythical hero Hang Tuah at Majapahit, an anachronistic tale based on the Javanese stories of Damar Wulan and Panji. The tale of Damar Wulan relates how a nobleman in the guise of a grasscutter saves the virgin Princess of Majapahit from a waylayer and weds her. The Panji tales deal with four Javanese kingdoms Jenggala (=Kuripan), Kadiri (=Daha), Ngurawan  (=Gĕgĕlang) and Singasari and the adventures of the prince of Jenggala, Radin Panji Ino Kertapati and his search for a bride, who bears among other names that of Chandra Kirana or Moonbeam). 

Majapahit had no male successor to the throne. Pateh Aria Gajah Mada instals Radin Galoh (De) wi Kesoma. A toddy tapper finds adrift in the sea a boy who claims to be a prince from Tanjong Pura (in Borneo), a descendant of Sang Maniaka who alighted on Bukit Siguntang, and called Kirana Langu or Beam of Enchantment. In spite of his disguise as a peasant, the princess of Majapahit chooses him from a crowd of suitors and marries and makes him Batara, the ruler. The toddy-tapper is made chief of all the toddy-tappers and the equal of the prime minister. 

The royal couple have a daughter Chandra Kirana, Moon-beam, and accompanied by Hang Tuah and other young warriors Sultan Mansur of Malacca goes to woo her ;  at fencing, dancing, sleight of hand the Malays beat the Javanese.  Sultan Mansur weds the princess and asks for and gets Indragiri as her dowry. Hang Tuah asks for and gets Siantan. By his Javanese wife Sultan Mansur gets a son Radin Klang. Hang Tuah descends into a midden to rescue a royal pony. Suspected of intrigue with a palace girl he is sentenced to death but is hidden in an orchard. 

p.7

CHAPTER XV.  

The Emperor of China sends an embassy to Malacca with a shipload of needles, one from each Chinese house to show the number of his people.  Mansur Shah sends back a cargo of sago each grain fashioned by a different subject of Malacca.  Only by lifting his head to show how to eat spinach can the envoy catch a glimpse of the emperor's face ; he is housed with the mandarin, Li Po.  The Emperor sends a mandarin Di Po to take princess Hang Li Po, his daughter, to marry Mansur Shah.  As the Emperor's son-in-law, he sends him his "humble respects" which abasement gives the Emperor a skin-disease till he has got the Sultan's bath-water to bathe in ! 

CHAPTER XVI. 

The duel between Hang Tuah and Hang Kesturi (or in one MS. Hang Jebat) who has seduced one of the Sultan's concubines: — it is described also in the Hikayat Hang Tuah, The Sultan forgives Sri Nara 'diraja for secreting Hang Tuah, and after Hang Tuah has killed Hang Kesturi makes him Laksamana. He gives Sening Ujong to Sri Nara ‘diraja after executing the Penghuki, Tuakal, there for a small fault. There follows (pp. 114-6) a vivid description of the building of a new palace and its destruction by fire. Sri Nara ‘diraja dies, leaving three sons Tun Mutahir, Tun Tahir and Tun ‘Abdu'llah.  There is an intimate account of their guardian and their childhood (pp. 117-119). 

CHAPTER XVII.

A chapter missing in some MSS. (Hooykaas p. 226). 

Maharaja Jaya, a Minangkabau raja, ruler of Kampar (in Sumatra) is attacked for not doing homage to Sultan Mansur Shah. One of the warriors is Khoja Baba, who gets the title Akhtiar Muluk. A list of genealogies (p. 121) is interpolated for no apparent reason : it includes a son of Dato' Sekudai (fl. 1641 A.D.) 

Malacca conquers Siak, ruled by a Maharaja Permaisura of Minangkabau descent, who is shot by an arrow from the bow of Akhtiar Muluk. Mansur Shah creates the Maharaja's son, Megat Kudu, ruler of Siak with the title Sultan Ibrahim, and gives him one of his daughters. 

CHAPTER XVIII.

Mansur Shah's eldest and favourite son, Muhammad, kills a son of the Bendahara for knocking off his headkerchief at football and is banished and made Sultan of Pahang where he marries a grand-daughter of Iskandar, Sultan of Kelantan. Malacca waxed greater than ever and had no rivals but Pasai and Haru. 

p.8

At Pasai, whatever letters were received, the court heralds “humble respects" (sĕmbah) in place of the writer’s “greetings" (salam).  A Pasai man, Tun Bahara, came to Malacca and beat every one at chess.  

CHAPTER XIX.

Kriang Manchoko', king of Balului, had subjected all other kingdoms of Macassar.  He had married the seven daughters of Kriang Ditandering Jokanak and by the eldest had a son, Semerluki, who fell in love with the youngest aunt.  His father sent him abroad.  He wasted Java and Siam and attacked Malacca, but was beaten off by the Laksamana, many Malays dying from the poisoned arrows of the attackers.  The chief Raja Kenayan drove him from Pasai.

CHAPTER XX. 

There was a Meccan theologian, Abu Isahak work "The String of Pearls” (Durrul manzum), on three lines of research (baht), namely the essence (dzat), the attributes (sifat) and works (af'al) of Allah and bade a student of his, Maulana Abu-bakar, sail from Jeddah to Malacca to preach Islam. Sultan Mansur Shah became his pupil and sent "The String of Pearls" to Pasai, where Makhdum Patakan interpreted its inner meaning. Only Kadli Yusuf, descendant of the first Muslim missionary to Malacca, refused to take lessons from the new-comer until he saw a nimbus round his head, whereupon he resigned office in favour of his son Kadli Menawar.  The Sultan sent an embassy to Pasai to enquire whether the inmates of heaven abide in heaven for ever and whether the inmates of hell abide in hell for ever. He offered his a present of gold and two slave-girls one from Macassar, the other from Muar, for the solution which was to be brought back with beating of the royal drums (tabal).  Makhdum Muda of Pasai answered yes to both questions, quoting the Kuran 98/6.  Tun Hasan, his pupil, signified dissent. At night the Sultan went to Makhdum's house and protested that Malacca would not have sought such an obvious answer.  "I know" said the Makhdum, "but I've said it and what can I do ?"  "Send for the envoy" replied the Sultan, "and explain that you could not give the real answer in public."  Then the present was handed to the Makhdum who wanted to pass it on to the Sultan of Pasai.  The Sultan demurred.  The Makhdum changed the name of the Muar slave, Dang Bibah, to Dang Lela Nidahari.

CHAPTER XXI.

There is a story from Champa. From blossom for an areca palm near the ruler's palace was born a prince Pau Gĕlang, the spathe became a gong called Jĕbang and the stem the state sword Champa.  He would take no woman's milk but only cow's milk, so that to this day Chams do not eat beef. 

p.9

He married the ruler's daughter, Pau Bia, and founded a country, Bal, on seven hills : — one account says it was Metakat, the land of king Subal, son of Kadla'il.  Their son, Pau Teri, married Bia Suri daughter of the ruler of Kuchi, and had a son Pau Gama who married Radin Galoh Ajang of Majapahit (a name taken from the Panji tales), and begat a son Janaka (the Arjuna of Javanese story), who in turn ruled Champa and marrying Pau Chi Banchi begat Pan Kubah, who married Pau Chin, daughter of the prince of Lakui (? = Lakiwa).  Angry because Pau Kubah would not give him one of his daughters, the ruler of Kuchi conquered Bal. Two Champa princes, Shah Indera Berma and Shah Pauling ( =Mpu-lingga Hooykaas) fled by sea and the latter founded the royal house of Acheh.  ''We shall write more of this anon."  Shah Indera Berma and his wife Keni Mernam fled to Malacca, became Muslims and he was made a minister and from him are descended the Chams of Malacca. 

CHAPTER XXII.

Zainal-Abidin, Sultan of Pasai, dethroned by his younger son got help from Malacca. The Bendahara Paduka Raja, the Laksamana, and 18 other captains, whose titles are given, had a very hard task. Tun Pikrama distinguished himself and was given Buru (which then had 40 three-masters) and the title Paduka Tuan ; his descendants are given to the fourth generation. They restored the Sultan but he was quickly ousted again by the rebel, and the Bendahara refused to aid further because, restored, Zainal-Abidin refused to send homage (sĕmbah) to Malacca. The Laksamana traduced the Bendahara to Sultan Mansur Shah, but the Bendahara praised the Laksamana so highly that his traducer came and apologized,

CHAPTER XXIII.

Radin Klang, son of Mansur Shah by his Javanese wife, was killed by a man who ran amok : all his followers were executed for not standing by the prince. The Sultan's son, Paduka Nimat, by his Chinese wife had died, leaving a son Paduka Sri China, who was given Langat : "his fort still exists and his people at Jeram are very well-spoken." Mansur Shah dies making a Thucydidean speech to Husain. his successor and quoting the Kuran and a Persian proverb. Husain is installed as Sultan 'Ala'u'rl-din Shah :— his descendants are named for three generations.  His daughter Fatimah married Raja Ahmad of Pahang.  He himself tracked down four robbers one night in Malacca and restored a stolen chest to its owner Kiai Tarambulam : one robber was killed on the hill top, one under a banyan tree, one on the jetty and one swam the river.  The Temenggong then policed the town and one night severed a thief's arm and left it on a roof, to startle the woman shopkeeper in the morning.

p.10

CHAPTER XXIV.

Maharaja 'diraja of Haru attacks Pasai for killing his envoy (who ran amuck when Pasai react "homage" for "greetings" in his ruler's letter), and ravages Malacca from Tanjong Tuan to Jugra. The Malacca fleet encounters them off Pulau Arang. Names and deeds of individual warriors are described and the terror of a Tamil, Miaruzul (vary. Miaruzan, Mesaruzan), at a bearded goat he mistook for an old warrior: his bad Malay is mimicked. Haru asks for terms and the captains meet in a hall at Pangkalan Dungun. The hall fell down. Only Sri Bija 'diraja sat still and did not draw his kĕris, whereupon the Haru people said, "He's small but should be weighed against pepper from Pidir."  The names of his children and grand-children are given.

CHAPTER XXV.

A history relates how the prince of Molucca, worsted by the Spaniards. fled to Malacca and stayed awhile as an honoured guest because he was so expert at riding, shooting and playing foot-ball (sepak raga). The Raja of Rokan and Tun Telanai of Trengganu were also there.  On his return the latter was murdered by Sri Akar 'diraja by order of Muhammad, Sultan of Pahang, for failing to tell him of his visit to Malacca. There was nearly war but instead the Laksamana was sent to Pahang and had a cousin of Sri Akar ‘diraja murdered. Pahang accepts this vengeance.

CHAPTER XXVI.

Ibrahim, Sultan of Siak, ordered Tun Jana Pakibul to execute an offender without getting the sanction of Malacca. Malacca sends the Laksamana who demands and gets an apology— Sultan 'Ala'u’d-din Shah of Malacca makes his eldest and royal son, Menawar, ruler of Kampar (in Sumatra) ; on his death, his younger son Muhammad (whose mother is of Tamil origin) succeeds him as Sultan Mahmud of Malacca. Sri Bija 'diraja, away in Singapore, mumbles on his return that he did not hear 'Ala’u'd-din s instruction as to his successor, and Sultan Mahmud hates him. Mahmud fell sick of diarrhoea and was only saved by the attention of the Bendahara and Laksamana Hang Tuah, who would not admit his grandmother who hated him and preferred his elder brother Menawar.  Mahmud allows both of them to use litters.  The Laksamana uses his but the Bendahara does not, for reasons vividly given (p. 155).  The Bendahara says why he gives the best boats and weapons to the Laksamana. He dies, uttering prophetic warnings to his sons,— "Mutahir, you'll be greater than I, but forget you are uncle to the Sultan or you'll be killed.  Zainal-Abidin, if you have no court post, live up-country : a small appetite is satisfied with green stuffs.  Tun Tahir, don't follow Mutahir or you'll be misled. Puah, live up-river, where you'll turn dirt into gold." (pp. 156-7).

p.11

His brother becomes Bendahara Puteh.  He was very extravagant about candles.  His descendants are given for five generations.  His grandson, Tun Muhammad, was a theologian.  Sultan Mahmud marries his cousin of Pahang.  Sri Rama, the mahout, dies and is succeeded by his son : his descendants are named for 4 generations.  

Sultan Mahmud has an intrigue with the wife of Tun Biajid, son of Laksamana Hang Tuah, while her husband is at Merba.  The husband returns, threatens the Sultan with a spear but refrains.  He divorces his wife and the Sultan sends him one of his concubines, Tun Iram Sandari, but he never goes to court. 

Mahmud has an intrigue with one, Tun Dewi.  One night he found Tun 'Ali at her house.  Turning away, the Sultan handed a quid of betel to his attendant Tun Isap (who was fifth in descent from Bendahara Sri Amar 'diraja), whereupon Tun Isap returned and killed Tun ' Ali.  Tun Isap fled and wandered from Pasai to Haru and Brunai, finally returning to Malacca.  The Sultan sent him, bound with a kerchief, to Sri Dewa Raja, head of Tun 'Ali's family, and asking for pardon.  Sri Dewa Raja split open his head with an elephant-goad.  

He was a great favourite with the Sultan, as also were Tun 'Omar, Hang Isa the quick, and Hang Husain : —there follow tales of their requests (p. 161).  If the royal barge called for him, Sri Dewa Raja would keep it waiting because he was a sound sleeper and slow and fastidious at dressing : only Tun Isap Berakah could stir him, by asking for a mat, and food and drink and so on, while he was detained (p. 162).  When Sri Dewa Raja went to marry the daughter of Kadli Menawar, grandson of Maulana Yusuf, only he could make his elephant face the crackers and fireworks.  Kadli Menawar had learnt dagger-play from the Moluccan prince and was also a first-class shot at a spittoon. 

The descendants of Sri Dewa Raja are interpolated down to Tun Sri Lanang (fl. 1612). A story is told of the ruse of Tun Isap Berakah to borrow Sri Dewa Raja's horses (p. 164). Sri Dewa Raja discomfited an expert Pathan horseman. Of the Sultan's other favourites, Tun ‘Omar was madly brave, because he thought he was invulnerable ; Hang Isa was so quick he could cross a dipping bridge without wetting his feet, and he defeated the big kite of the Sultan's son by smearing glass on the string of his own kite ; finally Hang Husain guzzled the rice at his own wedding "to recover some of his expenditure" (p. 166). 

Sri Bija 'diraja came from Singapore too late to do homage on the feast day and was sentenced to die. "Why ?" he asked, but was silent when shown a document from the Sultan with a list of his offences.  

Sultan Mahmud rode on an elephant to the house of Maulana Yusuf (an eccentric who slung stones at kites that crossed his house) but was not admitted as pupil till he came on foot.  He ordered the Paduka Tuan to attack Manjong for quarrelling with Bruas. Manjong was easily conquered.  The Paduka Tuan married his grandson to a sister of the ruler of Bruas and they had a son Sri Maharaja called the Bendahara of Johore.

p.12

(Genealogies are interpolated here (p. 166) down to Mansur Shah, Sultan Muda of Perak, who succeeded to the throne in 1654 :— they are designed to show that the Perak Sultans have the blood of the Bendaharas in their veins.) The ruler of Bruas is installed at Malacca and given Manjong and the title Tun Aria Bija ‘diraja.  

Next Malacca conquers Kelantan for not paying homage ; its ruler, Mansur Shah, a relative of Iskandar Shah, is descended from Raja Chulan. Sultan Mahmud marries Onang Kening one of the daughters of the Sultan of Kelantan. A tale of Bendahara Puteh (p. 169).

CHAPTER XXVII.

Menawar Shah, ruler of Kampar, died and his sop 'Abdu'llah was installed at Malacca (ca. 1505). Bendahara Puteh died.  Nine eligible candidates for the office were named.  But the Sultan's Tamil mother got her brother Tun Mutahir (or Tahir) made Bendahara.  He was such a model of justice that foreign sailors swore by “Malacca for a port, Jeram for bananas, Bukit China for water and Sri Maharaja for a Bendahara."  He had a Bengali concubine, was handsome, well-dressed and so proud that he would rise for no one of lower rank than the Sultan of Pahang.  (Here p. 172-3 are interpolated genealogies down to Tun Sri Lanang, fl. 1612, who claimed to be author and editor of the Malay Annals. They are clumsily inserted and differ in different MSS.) 

A Javanese Pateh Adam, a Pangeran of Surabaya, takes by force a daughter of Sri Nara 'diraja for his bride.  His Javanese speech is quoted and mimicked (pp. 173-5).  The mother of Raja Ahmad dies, and Sultan Mahmud no longer having a royal wife tries to woo the fairy princess of Mt. Ledang near Malacca.  (Possibly this is founded on Javanese tales of the relations between princes and mountain goddesses. Possibly the tale was believed. Even de Eredia devotes a chapter to it.—Hooykaas. The demands of the fairy were suggested from a Persian source J.R.A.S.S.B. 83, p. 93).

 CHAPTER XXVIII.

Merlang, ruler of Indragiri, died and Narasinga, his son by a Malacca princess, came to Malacca.  The Malacca people made his followers carry them over mud and puddles till they begged to go home.  But Narasinga had to slip away secretly.  Meanwhile his cousin, Isap, had been chosen as ruler but he was now evicted and fled to Lingga, ruled by a Megat (a son of the Maharaja of Trengganu), whose daughter he married. Raja Isap became ruler of Lingga.

Sultan Mahmud sent Hang Nadim (in the Hikayat Hang Tuah it is Hang Tuah) to Kalinga to order special fabrics. Hang Nadim draws patterns better than any of the weavers.  But on the return his ship is wrecked by the imprecations of a Sayid to whom Hang Isap had been insulting over a business deal.  Hang Nadim escaped with four cloths to Ceylon, where he made lamps out of egg-shells for the Raja.  Sultan Mahmud was angry with him and, as Hang Tuah had died, made Khoja Hasan, his son-in-law, Laksamana. 

p.13

CHAPTER XXIX.

Sultan Mahmud (or as some MSS. read correctly Muhammad) of Pahang dies and the Sultan of Malacca sends Sri Dewa Raja to instal his son 'Abdu’l-Jamil.  The Malacca chief shames the Pahang folk at elephant lore, and he fires Sultan Mahmud with longing for Tun Teja, the Pahang Bendahara's daughter, who is betrothed to ‘Abdu'l-Jamil.  To wipe out the failure of his voyage to Kalinga, Hang Nadim sails in a Cham Muslim trading boat to Pahang and bribing a duenna abducts the girl.  Hearing of ‘Abdu’l-Jamil's vows of vengeance, Sultan Mahmud sends Laksamana Khoja Hasan who offering peace steals ‘Abdu’l-Jamil's favourite elephant. After that the Pahang Sultan abdicated and was known as Marhum Shaikh.

CHAPTER XXX.

Raja Zainal, a half brother of Sultan Mahmud, was so loved by the girls of Malacca that Mahmud had him privily slain.  His slayer Hang Berkat seduces a man's wife but the Sultan persuades the husband not to kill him.

CHAPTER XXXI,

The Bendahara Paduka Tuan takes a large force to Pahang and enables Sultans ‘Abdu’l-Jamil and Mansur to resist an attack from Dewa Sura, Maharaja of Ligor, ordered by Siam.

A minister of Sultan Mahmud, Tun Perpateh Hitam, a descendant of Jana Buga the Crow (Ch. IV) had a son who hearing his father reviled essayed to fight the reviler.  The father, however, accepted the quarrel and kicked the Bendahara's mat, whereupon the Laksamana cut him and his son down.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Chau Sri Bangsa of Siam swore to become a Muslim if he could defeat Sulaiman, ruler of Kota Mahligai ( = Patani).  He did and fulfilled his vow, and got himself installed Sultan Ahmad Shah by Malacca.  Kedah's Raja also asked to be installed and was so humble and ingratiating as to eat the leavings of the Bendahara. From Jugra to Batu Pahat there were so many houses that at night wayfarers needed no torches.

A Portuguese ship visited Malacca and the Malays crowded round the "white Bengalis" and were angry when the captain flung a gold chain round the neck of the Bendahara but that chief explained that the foreigners knew no better.

p.14

Hearing of its wealth d' Albuquerque sent Gonzalo Pereira to take Malacca.  The Malays could not understand why bullets killed but the Temenggong, Tun Hasan, drove the Portuguese back to their ships. d'Albuquerque wanted to send another fleet but the admiral (Kapitan Mar) declared Malacca impregnable while the Bendahara lived.

A Jeddah ship brought Maulana Sadar Jahan to Malacca, where he taught the Sultan and his son. One day he rebuked Sri Rama for drunkenness “the source of all filthiness,” whereat Sri Rama accused him of greed also ''the source of all filthiness”. Another time he criticized the pronunciation of Arabic by Tun Mai the Hairy Caterpillar (whose body was hairy), but Tun Mai asked him to pronounce the Malay for cat, turmeric and sieve, and laughed at his efforts. 

Sultan Mahmud sent an envoy to Pasai to ask for the solution of a point disputed by the theologians of Mawara'n-nahar, Khorassan and Irak.  As Pasai always read out humble phrases that Malacca had not used, Tun Muhammad learnt the message by heart and repeated it verbally. Had Allah created and given sustenance (rĕzĕkiª) from the endless past ? The Pasai Raja sent a reply with a jewelled dagger and bows and arrows. 

CHAPTER XXXIII.

The Bendahara Sri Maharaja had a handsome son Tun Hasan, the Temenggong, and a lovely daughter Tun Fatimah whom he married to Tun 'Ali, son of Sri Nara 'diraja, by whom she had a daughter Tun Trang.  When Sultan Mahmud attended the wedding and saw Fatimah's beauty, he was angry that she had not been offered to him.  The Bendahara was a rich trader and would measure his gold by the bushel and give his grandchildren a handful apiece, replacing it when they lost it.  And he would let them kill his tame cattle if they could not find wild game to hunt.  His slaves were so many he did not recognize them.  He once insulted Raja Mudaliar, the wealthy Tamil port officer, and his son, the Temenggong, affronted another Tamil, 'Ali Manu Nayan.  The Temenggong let his officers bleed merchants by threatening to demolish their houses to straighten the streets. 

Once, when there was a law-suit between Raja Mudaliar and Naina Sura Dewana, the latter gave the Bendahara a bribe.  A Tamil, Kitul, who owed Raja Mudaliar money, told him.  Raja Mudaliar then bribed the Laksamana, Khoja Hasan, to tell the Sultan that the Bendahara had prepared a throne for himself and was about to rebel. Angry over Tun Fatimah, the Sultan ordered the execution of the Bendahara and Tun Hasan Temenggong and Sri Nara 'diraja and Tun 'Ali, Fatimah's husband.  One child, Tun Hamzah, son of Sri Nara 'diraja alone escaped, with a cut on the face from a Bengali, Miasam.  Later the Sultan executed Kitul and Raja Mudaliar for lying and confiscated the property of the Laksamana.

p.15

He created the old bed-ridden Paduka Tuan his Bendahara :— there is a vivid sketch of his habits (pp. 216-8) and (pp. 218-221) a long interpolated list of his descendants for eight generations.  Sultan Mahmud retired to Tanjong Kling, avoiding his subjects, studying sufism and living with Tun Fatimah, his new wife, who never smiled but bore him two daughters.  In Malacca Sultan Ahmad carried on the government, favouring young nobles and disliking elder chiefs. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Having ceased to be Viceroy d' Albuquerque went to Portugal got four large carracks and five galleys, returned to Goa, collected a fleet of 43 ships in all and attacked Malacca.  Young Sultan Ahmad led the defence, taking his Muslim teacher on his elephant, though the bullets made the teacher cry “Let us return! This is no place to study the Unity of God.” ”By Dios” cried the foe. ”Tomorrow we will land.”  Sultan Ahmad lends his warriors the Hikayat Amir Hanizah, refusing the story of Muhammad Hanaflah because none could expect to equal him in prowess. “No” said Tun Isap, “but we might equal the warrior Beniar.”  Sultan Ahmad smiled and lent the Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah.  d' Albuquerque lands with 1,000 musketeers.  Sultan Ahmad is wounded in the hand, whereat Tun Salehu’d-din, wearing the belt of the Dato’ Paduka Raja which he had sworn not to disgrace, fought before the royal elephant till he was killed.  Sri Udani (? Awadana) was wounded in the groin but the physician probing the wound with a betel-leaf said he would recover.  Malacca was taken. 

The old Bendahara was carried off in a litter, cursing his lameness and the cowardice of the young. Sultan Mahmud retired to Batu Hampar and Sultan Ahmad went to Pagoh and built a fort at Bentayan.  Driven from Pagoh, the Sultans went by way of Penarekan to Pahang, burying the old Bendahara at Lubok Batu (Segamat R. O. W.).  ‘Abdu’l-Jamil welcomed the fugitives and his son and successor, Sultan Mansur, married a daughter of Sultan Mahmud by his Kelantan wife.  

After some time Sultan Mahmud and his son (went to Johor and built a kota kara but as it was too far from the sea they removed to Bentan where Mahmud lived at Tebing Tinggi, Khoja Hasan at Bentan, Batavian MS.) and Ahmad settled at Kopak, where he so offended the older chiefs that Sultan Mahmud carried out the law of Allah that “a man's span of life is determined” and had him killed and buried at Bukit Batu.  After that Raja Muzaffar was treated as heir apparent and married to Tun Trang, daughter of Tun Fatimah, by whom he begat Raja Mansur. A son of the old Bendahara, who died at Lubok Batu, succeeded him Tun Mai, the hairy caterpillar, became Temenggong Sri Udani (or Awadana).  

There is a list of new court officers (and genealogies are crudely interpolated pp. 226-7 down to the wife of Tun Mai, Bendahara of Perak ”now” and the wife of Tun Sri Lanang fl. 1612).  Khoja Hasan had died of chagrin and was buried at Goa Pantar, and Hang Nadim succeeded him as Laksamana :- he had lost buckets of blood 32 times (p. 227) and had married a daughter of Hang Tuah. 

p.16

Tun Fatimah now bore Sultan Mahmud a son, who was styled Sultan Muda 'Ala'u-d-din Riayat Shah, dispossessing his elder half brother Muzaffar. One of Sultan Ahmad's followers, Tun ‘Ali Hati, could not transfer his allegiance and begged to be executed, which was done. 

A (Shellabear). 

‘Abd'ullah, son of Raja Manawar and so nephew of Sultan Mahmud, ruled Kampar (in Sumatra).  He conceived that the Portuguese might restore Malacca to him its legitimist ruler and though his chiefs told him all but the town still belonged to Sultan Mahmud sailed out to a Portuguese guard-boat in the Straits of Ungaran and sent to offer his friendship — The Portuguese captain consented to see him if he came in a single dug-out.  When the Sultan came aboard, the captain engaged him in conversation, lifted anchor and took him to Malacca and thence to Goa.  So people sang, 

To sit beneath a falling plank 

For chiefs is idiotic : 

To eat of hemp is clearly mad 

When hemp is a narcotic. 

B. Sh. (p. 231) 

A fleet of 25 Portuguese ships burnt Bengkalis, Bulang and Lobam and attacked Bentan.  Temenggong Sri Awadana, before taking up the defence, sent Sultan Mahmud a list of all the royal gifts he had received, namely a rimless tray, a broken stand, a chipped water-pot, a cracked Chinese plate, a cracked cup, a saucer, a rimless brass pot and a brass Tamil rice-pot. He and four other leaders fell but the Portuguese burnt Kopak.  Sri Nara 'diraja conducts Sultan Mahmud away and Sriwa Raja steals food for him, saying this is their vengeance for the Sultan's murder of Bendahara Mutahir and others of his family.  Sri Nara 'diraja has to threaten to run amuck to get the Sultan to eat.  The Batins, under Nara Busana of Chandan, escort him to Kampar, where he reigns in place of 'Abdu'llah. 

C. Sh. (p. 238).

Mansur Shah had succeeded his father ‘Abdu'l- Jamil as Sultan of Pahang and had begotten two daughters, Raja Puspa Dewi and Raja Kesoma Dewi, by Sultan Mahmud's daughter.  Having no son, he adopted a Raja Ahmad, child of a female relative of his and of a Trengganu raja, Muhammad, of royal Kelantan descent, and he married him to Raja Puspa Dewi they had a son, Raja ‘Omar. 

D. Sh. (p. 240)

p.17 

Sultan Mahmud died at Kampar with the usual Thucydidean speech, and was succeeded by Sultan Muda 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah, who was taken by Laksamana Hang Nadim to Pahang where he married. Raja Kesoma Dewi.  Finally 'Ala'u'd-din settled on the Johore river, at its junction with the river Serting and there were houses from Beladong to Bukit Piatu.  The Laksamana lived at Rochoh and ruled Bentan. Sultan 'Ala'u’d-din had two children, Muzaffar and Fatimah.  Fatimah is married to the Pahang Sultan's adopted son, Raja 'Omar, after his Bendahara has assured her father that the bridegroom is descended from Raja Chulan.  The Batins of Singapore and Kalang were always seizing Portuguese boats at this time.  Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din died and was known as Marhum Johor Lama.  

Sultan Muzaffar aged 19 succeeded him and reigned at Seluyut while Mansur Shah of Pahang was succeeded by Raja Isma'il, who was styled Sultan Jamal Shah.  Sultan Muzaffar secretly marries a discarded wife of Raja Omar (who by Omar had a son Raja Mangsur) and begets a son Raja (afterwards Sultan) 'Abdu'l-Jalil ; ten months later his wife bears Raja (later Sultan) ‘Abdu'llah. ' Abdu'l-Jalil succeeds Muzaffar as Sultan and is guarded by the Bendahara who will not let Fatimah, Raja Omar's wife, tend him.  At the age of 9 Sultan 'Abdu'l-Jalil dies, leaving the Johor throne to his brother 'Abdu'llah, but at Raja Fatimah's urging Raja Omar is made Sultan with the title Ala Jalla 'Abdu'l-Jalil Shah.  The Bendahara dies and is succeeded by Tun Sri Lanang, called Bendahara Paduka Raja.  

The new Sultan opened Batu Sawar at White Earth (Tanah Puteh) till two years later an epidemic drove him to Sungai Damar, where he founded Makam Tauhid, which was twice attacked in vain by Portuguese.  Ala Jalla 'Abdu'l-Jalil Shah dies and is succeeded by his drunkard son Raja Mangsur, who is styled 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah.  Raja 'Abdu'llah carried on the government, and Portugal and Acheh attacked Makam Tauhid in vain. The Sultan makes a new settlement at the mouth of Sungai Riun called Pasir Raja. 

So far only have I read in a book belonging to my father, the chief who died at Tanjong Batu, when Jambi defeated Johor. 

p.18

CHAPTER I. 

A very short preface in praise of Allah, the Prophet and his companions, followed by an account of how in 1021 A.H. (1612 A.D.), at Pasir Raja, when ‘Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah was Sultan of Johore, Tun Bambang whose title was Sri Nara Wangsa and whose father was Sri Agar Raja of Patani, brought a command from the Yang Pertuan di-Hilir ª to compile a history. This he did from the tales of elders, naming it The Genealogies of Sultans. 

A paraphrase of the Hikayat Iskandar, as in Sh. (=Shellbear passim) but with a fuller account of Alexander's descendants down to Raja Suran Padshah. 

CHAPTER II

Raja Shulan of Nagapatam, perhaps a descendant of Nushirwan son of Kobad Shahriar, conquered all countries till he came to Gangga Nagara, which was “on a hill, steep from the front view but low from the back : its fort still exists in the Dindings the other side (i.e. North) of the Perak."  He slew the king, Raja Linggi Shah Johan, and passed on to Lengguï, a name derived from Glang-Guï, whose ruler was Raja Chulin.  This "dark stone fort still exists."  Chulin is slain and his daughter, Onang Kiu, taken in marriage by the Tamil conqueror, who then goes home and founds Bija Nagara.  The story of Shulan would fill a book as thick as the Hikayat Hamzah.  Chendani Wasis, his daughter by Onang Kiu, marries Raja Suran Padshah the descendant of Alexander and bears him three sons : Jiran, Raja of Chendragiri ; Chulan who succeeds his father as ruler of Bija Nagara ; Pandayan ruler of Nagapatam.  As in Sh., Chulan is deterred from attacking China, and descends into the sea, where he marries Mahtabu'l-Bahri, daughter of Aftabu'l-Ardl, and begets three sons before he mounts a magic stallion and returns to earth on the shore of the sea Bentiris.  At Bija Nagara Chulan marries a daughter of Raja Kudar son of Narsi, ruler of Hindustan, who bore him a son Adiraja Rama Mudaliar, whose descendants still rule Bija Nagara. 

CHAPTER III. 

In Andelas or Palembang Demang Lebar Daun, a descendant of Raja Shulan, ruled, over the Muara Tatang river.  Up that river was the river Malayu, by which was the hill Si-Guntang Mahameru.  Hither to a rice-clearing, owned by Wan Empok and Wan Malini, came on a white elephant three princely descendants of Alexander, who told of Chulan's descent into the sea. 

p.19

The eldest, Bichitram, is styled Sang Sapurba and made ruler of Minangkabau ; the next Paladutani, is made ruler of Tanjong Pura and styled Sang Meniaka ; the youngest becomes ruler of Palembang and is styled Sang Utama.  From foam out of the mouth of a white cow belonging to the two peasant girls is born Bath who reads a chiri or coronation formula giving the new ruler of Palembang the title Sri Tri Buana.  As in Sh., there follows the story of his 39 brides, his marriage with Wan Sendari and his voyage to Bentan, which was ruled by Wan Sri Benian or, in one account, Permaisuri Sakidar Shah.  She adopts Sri Tri Buana as her heir, but he crosses to Temasek, throwing his crown into the sea to lighten the boat in a storm.  Settling at Temasek, Sri Tri Buana changes its name to Singapura (the name of the capital of Kalinga R.0.W.) after a beast very like a lion seen on the shore !  His two sons by Wan Sendari marry the two grand-daughters of Wan Sri Benian.  After reigning 48 years Sri Tri Buana dies and is buried on Singapore hill.  His eldest son succeeds and is styled Paduka Sri Pikrama Wira.  When he cannot give audience, Tun Perpateh Permuka Berjajar (? his brother Sh.) acts for him.  The Perdana Mentri is Perpateh Permuka Sekalar, a son of Demang Lebar Daun who has the same rank as the Bendahari, Tun Jana Buga the Crow (dĕndang).  The Temenggong is Tun Jana Putra.  The chief captain is ''The Rattling Coconut Shell."  Sri Pikrama Wira had a son Raja Muda. 

CHAPTER IV. 

Majapahit attacks Singapore - in vain - over a wood shaving (Sh. V).  Its Batara was a son of a princess of Tanjong Pura, who was descended from Alexander. 

CHAPTER V. 

The ruler of Singapore sends Indra Bopal, his minister, to Bija Nagara, to ask for the hand of Talai-Puchudi, daughter of its ruler Jambuga Rama Mudaliar grand-daughter of Adiraja Rama Mudaliar great grand-daughter of Raja Chulan, for his son Raja Muda.  She comes to Singapore.  They wed and have a son (? Damar) Raja.  Raja Muda succeeds his father and is styled Sri Rana Wikrama.  Princess (!) Perpateh Muka Berjajar dies, leaving a son Tun Perpateh Tulus, who becomes Bendahara and has a daughter Dewi Puteri, who marries Damar Raja. 

Sri Rana Wikrama has a strong man, Badang.  Tale of Badang, as in Sh. VI. 

After a reign of 13 years the king dies and is succeeded by his son Dam(ar) Raja with the style Paduka Sri Maharaja.  His wife bears him a son, whose head is dented by the midwife : so he is called Raja Iskandar Dzu'l-Karnain. 

p.20 

CHAPTER VI. 

The story of Pasai and of Tun Jana Khatib, as in Sh. Chapters VII, VIII and IX. The pantun on Tun Jana, the Writer, is omitted.  Sword-fish attack Singapore (Sh. X).  After a reign of 12½ years Paduka Sri Maharaja dies and is succeeded by Iskandar Shah, who marries a daughter of Tun Perpateh Tulus and has a son Raja Kechil Besar.  The story of Sang Ranjuna Tapa, of Majapahit's conquest of Singapore, of Iskandar's flight to Malaka (Sh. X and XI).  Three years Iskandar reigned at Singapore and 20 at Malacca, when he died and was succeeded by his son Raja Kechil Besar who was styled Sultan Megat. 

Sultan Megat married a daughter of the Bendahara and had three sons, Radin Bagus, Radin Tengah, Radin Anum.  After a reign of two years, Sultan Megat died and was succeeded by Radin Tengah, who after the same experience as Malik al-Saleh in the Hikayat Pasai became a Muslim and took the title Sultan Muhammad Shah.  His Bendahara was styled Sri Amar'diraja ; the Bendahari, Sri Nara 'diraja - he had a daughter Tun Rana Sandari.  Sultan Muhammad Shah introduced Malacca court ceremonial. 

CHAPTER VII. 

The story of Mani Purindan (Sh. XII) who came from Pasai and married Tun Rana Sandari.  Story of Sultan Muhammad's two sons Ibrahim and Kasim.  After a reign of 57 years the Sultan dies.  As in Sh. XIII, Tamil intrigue murders Ibrahim and makes Kasim Sultan with the title Muzaffar Shah. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

As in Sh. XIII but there are two Siamese attacks.  One fails because of the torch ruse, the other because Awi Dichu dies.  And it is Muzaffar Shah who sends Tun Talanai as envoy to Siam. 

After reigning 40 years Muzaffar Shah dies and is succeeded by his 17 year old son 'Abdul, who is styled Sultan Mansur Shah. 

CHAPTER IX. 

Sh. XIV : a better text, with more Javanese (often corrupt) words.  By Radin Galoh Chendra Kirana Mansur Shah gets a son, called Ratu di-Kelang.  There are the duel of Hang Tuah and the destruction by fire of the Malacca palace (Sh. XVI).  Then comes the tale of the Chinese embassy, the Malay embassy to China and the marriage of Mansur Shah to Princess Hang Liu (Sh. XV).  Mansur Shah orders an attack on Pura (Pahang) as in Sh. XIII.  He has a son Raja Ahmad by a sister (or cousin) of the Sri Nara 'diraja.  Sri Nara 'diraja dies leaving three sons Tun Tahir, Tun Mutahir and Tun ‘Abdul. 

p.21 

CHAPTER X. 

The cause of the Emperor of China's skin-disease and its cure (Sh. XV end). 

CHAPTER XI. 

Mansur Shah orders his Ferdana Mantri, Sri Awadana, grandson of Bendahara Sri Maharaja, with Khoja Baba an archer to attack Maharaja Permaisura of Siak for not paying homage to Malacca.  Siak is defeated and its ruler slain.  Mansur Shah gives Megat Kudu, son of the slain ruler, his daughter and the throne of Siak with the title Sultan Ibrahim.  Ibrahim begets a son Raja ‘Abdul. 

Mansur Shah has two sons, Muhammad and Ahmad.  The elder is destined for the throne but he kills a son of the Bendahara Paduka Raja and is banished and made Sultan of Pahang.  As in Sh. XVIII. 

CHAPTER XII. 

The tale of a Macassar prince (Sh. XIX).  The story of the Durr ul-manzum, the envoy to Pasai and of Kadli Yusuf (Sh. XX with small variations).  Mansur Shah wants to wed the Princess of Gunong Ledang - in Sh. XXVII, ascribed to Sultan Mahmud. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The story of a Pasai campaign.  Sh. XXII. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

A Champa folk-tale - Sh. XXI, the name of the land is Meleftata.  Jakanak (? Janaka Jav.) rules at {{Yras?}}.   At the age of 73 Mansur Shah dies and is succeeded by Raja Radin with the title Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah.  He falls sick of diarrhoea and is only saved by the care of the Bendahara and Laksamana Hang Tuah, who will not admit his grandmother who favoured Sultan Muhammad of Pahang for the Malacca throne (cf. Sh. XXVI which connects this incident with Sultan Mahmud).  The Sultan gives the two chiefs litters (as in Sh. XXVI).  By Tun Naja, daughter of Sri Nara 'diraja, ‘Ala'u'd-din Shah has two sons : Sultan Ahmad and Sultan ‘Abdu'l- Jamal.  By his royal wife he has Raja Menawar and Raja Zainal.  Raja Menawar was older than Raja Mahmud, but the Sultan chose Mahmud to succeed him.  The Sultan tracks thieves at night (Sh. XXIII).  Raja Mahmud excites comment by having a man killed for some trivial fault.  Raja Maluku visits Malacca (Sh. XXV).  The murder of Tun Talanai in Pahang and the vengeance taken (ib.).  The offence of Sultan Ibrahim of Siak and its punishment (Sh. XXVI).  The death of the Bendahara Paduka Raja and his prophetic warnings to his sons (Sh. XXVI, ascribes this to the reign of Sultan Mahmud). 

p.22 

CHAPTER XV. 

The conquest of Haru (Sh. XXIV), and of Kampar (cf. Sh., XVII), whose throne is given to Raja Menawar Shah.  At the age of 33 Ala’u'd-din Shah dies, naming Raja Mat alias Mamat as his successor. Raja Mamat adopted the style of Sultan Mahmud Shah.  He resented the attitude of Sri Bija 'diraja to his succession.  His eldest child was a son, Sultan Ahmad.  Mahmud executes Sri Bija 'diraja.  Mahmud has an intrigue with Tun Dewi, leading to the deaths of Tun 'Ali and of Tun Bayajit (Sh. XXVI).  A sketch of Sriwa Raja and of other friends of the Sultan.  The Sultan's intrigue with the wife of Tun Bayajit.  Sriwa Raja marries a daughter of Kadli Menawar. He is a great horseman.  Tun Omar.  Hang Isa, the quick.  Hang Husain's wedding.  Maulana Yusuf's hatred of kites.  The Sultan goes on foot to his house to study, (ib). The gay Raja Zainal- Abidin and his 

taking off (Sh. XXIX).  A lacuna.  Malacca conquers Kelantan and Sultan Mahmud weds Otang Kĕntang, a Kelantan princess (Sh. XXVI). 

CHAPTER XVI.

Raja Abdu'llah is installed ruler of Kampar.  Death of Bendahara Puteh and selection of Mutahir.  The foppishness of Mutahir and of his son, Tun Hasan the Temenggong.  Pateh Adam marries the daughter of Sri Nara 'diraja by force. (Sh. XXVII). 

CHAPTER XVII. 

The Raja of Kedah comes to Malacca for the naubat (Sh. XXXII).  The Laksamana executes Tun Perpateh Hitam (Sh. XXXI). 

CHAPTER XVIII.

The story of Narasinga, ruler of Merlang.  Hang Nadim's unfortunate visit to Kalinga.  Death of Hang Tuah and appointment of his son-in-law Khoja Hasan to be Laksamana (Sh. XXVIII). 

CHAPTER XIX. 

'Abdu'l-Jamal succeeds to the Pahang throne but abdicates in favour of his son Mansur for chagrin because his betrothed, Tun Teja, is abducted (Sh. XXIX). 

CHAPTER XX. 

Chau Sri Bangsa conquers Patani and is installed as Sultan Ahmad Shah.  Sadar Jahan comes to Malacca. The drunkenness of Sri Rama.  An embassy to Pasai. (Sh. XXXII), 

CHAPTER XXI. 

Ligor attacks Pahang, which is helped by Malacca (Sh. XXXI).  The first arrival of the Portuguese.  Alfonso d' Albuquerque, hearing from them of the greatness of Malacca, orders an attack on Malacca which fails.  

p.23 

CHAPTER XXII. 

The marriage of Tun Fatimah, daughter of Bendahara Sri Maharaja, to Tun ‘Ali and the Sultan's dudgeon.  The wealth of the Bendahara.  The suit of Raja Mudaliar and Naina Sura Dewana.  The Laksamana accuses the Bendahara of treachery and he and his family are cut down.  Finding that the accusation was false, the Sultan executes Raja Mudaliar and castrates the Laksamana.  The old Paduka Tuan is made Bendahara : his 

habits and family.  Sultan Mahmud marries Tun Fatimah and retires in penitence to Tanjong Kling, leaving the government to his son Sultan Ahmad, who has youthful favourites. (Sh. XXXIII).  

CHAPTER XXIII. 

d' Albuquerque captures Malacca, and drives Sultan Ahmad from Pagoh.  Sultan Mahmud retires from Batn Kampar to Muar and thence to Pahang, where his daughter by the Kelantan princess marries Sultan Mansur Shah.  Thence he crosses to Bentan, where he has his son Sultan Ahmad killed.  Tun ‘Ali Hati, one of that son's followers, is executed. (Sh. XXXIV).  New court officers are appointed ; the son of the old Bendahara is made Bendahara Paduka Raja, and Hang Nadim Laksamana.  Sultan Mahmud makes his son Muzaffar heir to the throne and marries him to Tun Trang, his half-sister, but when Tun Fatimah bears him a son Raja ‘Ala'u'd-din, Sultan Mahmud deposes Muzaffar and treats ‘Ala-u'd-din as heir to the throne. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Abdullah, ruler of Kampar, not wishing to pay homage to Bentan, applied to the Portuguese Captain at Malacca for help, whereupon a verse was composed on his childlike folly in “deserting the sweet mangosteen for ripe saffron." 

The consequent attack by Sultan Mahmud Shah on Kampar was worsted at sea by the Portuguese, and his captains under Sri Amarabangsa were driven to leap overboard at Krumutan and walk to Indragiri, where one of them, Tun Bayajit, son of the famous Hang Tuah, beat all comers at cockfighting including Sultan Narasinga, the ruler :— when they leapt overboard, Tun Bayijit's mistress swam ashore with nothing but one artificial cock's spur.  From Indragiri the captains returned to Bentan.  Raja Abdullah, going aboard to thank his defenders, was carried off by the Portuguese first to Malacca then to Goa and finally to Portugal.  Sultan Mahmud blamed Abdullah’s chiefs and changed the title (Paduka Tuan) of the Bendahara of Kampar to Amaradiraja. 

p.24 

CHAPTER XXV. 

The Maharaja of Lingga died, and his successor, Maharaja Isup went to Bentan to do obeisance to Sultan Mahmud Shah.  During his absence, Narasinga, Raja of Indragiri, ravaged Lingga and thereafter proceeded to Bentan, where he was given the style of Sultan Abduljalil and the hand of Sultan Mahmud Shah’s daughter, (widow of Mansur Shah, ruler of Pahang, recently slain by his father for adultery with his consort), by whom he was to have two sons, Raja Ahmad and Raja Muhammad (nicknamed Pang).  While Sultan Abduljalil is occupied at Bentan, Maharaja Isup ravages Indragiri in return and saves his own country Lingga from retribution by invoking the aid of the Portuguese at Malacca.  An attack by Sang Stia on behalf of the ruler of Bentan on Lingga was frustrated by the Portuguese fleet and another attack on Malacca by the Laksamana on behalf of the same ruler was beaten off by the new captain, Gonzalo. 

A later attack on Malacca led by the Paduka Tuan and other chiefs from Bentan, an attack by land and sea, also failed.  The Paduka Tuan broke the left tusk of Sultan Mahmud’s elephant (fetched from Muar) charging the fort but Sultan Abduljalil, hurt at this chief’s refusal to be present when his royal drums were beaten, carried word to Sultan Mahmud that the failure of the attack was due to him.  Sultan Mahmud wrote to Paduka Tuan a curt letter but later accepted his excuses. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

Sultan Ibrahim of Siak dies and is succeeded by his son, Raja Abdul whose mother was a Malacca princess.  He does homage at Bentan and is given the title of Sultan Khoja Ahmad Shah and the hand of a daughter of Sultan Mahmud Shah, who bore him two sons Raja Jamal and Raja Bayajit. 

One day Sultan Mahmud Shah reflected that Bruas and Manjong and Tun Aria Bijadiraja, a ruler in the west (di-barat) had neglected to pay him homage since the Portuguese conquest of Malacca.  Tun Aria Bijadiraja was a relative of the wife of the Paduka Tuan. So the Paduka Tuan is sent to summon the neglectful chief to the Bentan court.  This errand the Paduka Tuan executes, marrying at the same time his son Tun Mahmud (called also Dato’ Lekar or Legor) to Tun Mah, a daughter of Tun Aria Bijadiraja, and giving him charge of Selangor. 

CHAPTER XXVII.

The suit of Sultan Husain of Haru, a handsome and valiant prince, for the hand of Raja Puteh, daughter of Sultan Mahmud, is approved.  This section describes the festivities and gives a graphic vignette of the prince and his stay at Bentan. 

p.25

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bentan gives his daughter Hatijah in marriage to the ruler of Pahang, after Sri Naradiraja has refused her hand because he is a commoner.  The Portuguese attack Bentan and drive the Sultan from Kota Kara to Kopak.  Sri Awadana the Temenggong was rebuked by the Sultan for not producing all his slaves to help strengthen the fort.  Tun Mahmud, son of the Paduka Tuan, comes from Selangor with twenty boats and takes the Sultan to Kampar.  He is given the title of Sri Agar Raja.   Sultan Mahmud Shah died and was succeeded by Sultan ‘Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah, the chiefs banishing the Raja Muda, “before the rice in his pot was even cooked," together with his wife Tun Trang (a niece of Tun Narawangsa) and his son Mansur Shah.  The exile fled first to Siak, and then to (?) Kang, whence a trader, Si-Tumi, from Manjong, carried him to Perak, where he was proclaimed ruler with the title of Sultan Muzaffar Shah.  He invited Sri Agar Diraja from Selangor, (where that chief had married Raja Stia, a daughter of the Sultan of Kedah), to be his Bendahara.  By Tun Trang Sultan Muzaffar Shah had 16 children in all, including Raja Dewi, Raja Ahmad, Raja Abdul-jalil, Raja Fatimah, Raja Hatijah and Raja Tengah ; and by a concubine he had a son Raja Muhammad. 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

After going to Pahang and wedding a sister of Sultan Mahmud Shah of that state, Sultan ‘Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah returned to Ujong Tanah, lived at Pekan Tua and built Kota Kara.  There is a story of an attempt to address a non-servile letter to the King of Siam, when Pahang sends the customary tribute.  Angered at the appointment of Sri Agar Raja as Bendahara of Perak, Sultan 'Ala'u’d-din Riayat Shah despatches Tun Pekerma to summon him.  The ambassador goes to Perak and proceeds upstream to Labohan Jong, but the Bendahara sends him "rice in a pot and condiments in a bamboo" whereupon he returns in anger to his master.  The Paduka Tuan himself voyages to Perak and brings down the recalcitrant Sri Agar Diraja to Ujong Tanah. 

The Adipati of Kampar sent tribute to Ujong Tanah. 

By 'Ala'u’d-din Riayat Shah’s order Tun Pekerma attacks Merbedang. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

Sang Naya plotted to attack the Portuguese while they sat unarmed in their church at Malcca.  But the Portuguese Captain discovered that he had arms concealed, threw him down from the fort, and sent an ambassador to inform the Sultan at Pekan Tua. 'Ala’u’d-din Riayat Shah had the ambassador thrown down from a tall tree. 

p.26

The Portuguese attacked Kota Kara.  The fight going against the Sultan, Tun Narawangsa and Tun Pekerma flung all the arms into the sea and the Sultan retreated to Sayong.  At Rebat Tun Narawangsa felled a tree to prevent further pursuit.  Tun Amat ‘Ali carried a letter from the Sultan to the Portuguese, who finally returned to Malacca. 

Sri Naradiraja died and was buried at Sayong, (where his posthumous title was Dato' Nisan Besar 'Chief of the Big Tomb'). 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

Raja Jainad succeeded Muhammad Shah as Sultan of Pahang and sailed to Sayong, where 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah gave him the title of Muzaffar Shah.  On the royal barge was one Pateh Ludang or Batin Sang Pura of Tanah Adang, who having had a feud with one Sang Stia had fled to Pahang.  Sang Stia called his enemy off the barge and slew him.  Sultan Muzaffar Shah was enraged but pardoned the offender when Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah sent him into his presence bound :— he refused to be bound by the Laksamana, a fellow captain, but let the Bendahara bind him. 

THE DATE, AUTHOR AND IDENTITY OF THE ORIGINAL 

: DRAFT OF THE MALAY ANNALS 

The following are the principal works consulted in this paper : 

(1) SEJARAH MELAYU, Romanised, 2nd edition, Singa- 

pore, 1909, edited by W. G. Shellabear : cited passim 

as Shellabear. 

(2) CHERITA ASAL RAJA-RAJA i.e, Sejarah Melayu, 

Raffles MS No. 18, Library, Royal Asiatic Society, 

London :• — cited passim as the Blagden recension. It 

was copied for Raffles from an older MS., the paper 

having the watermark C. WILMOTT, 1812. 

(e3) An unpublished Variant Version of the '' Malay 

Annals (being the 8 last chapters of (2), by C. 0. 

Blagden, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal 

Asiatic Society, Vol. Ill, 1925, pp. 10-52. 

The SEJARAH MELAYU, as edited by Dulaurier and 

Shellabear, has an introduction borrowed from the Bustanu's — 

Salatin, a work begun in Acheh in 1638. In Shellabear's edition 

(ch. XVII, p. 121) is a reference to a son of Dato' Sekudai, who 

flourished about 1640, and another reference (ch. XXVI, p. 168) 

to Mansur Shah who ascended the throne of Perak in 1654, while 

in the colophon is mentioned Jambi's victory over Johore in 1673. 

These are interpolations sometimes clumsy and easy to detect. 

What has hitherto been more difficult was to assess how far 

the nucleus of it, a "‘ history brought from Goa ’h was revised and 

augmented in 1612 at Pasir Raja on the Johore river, ostensibly 

by the Bendahara Paduka Raja, Tun Sri Lanang, under the 

patronage of Sultan ‘ Abdu’llah Ma'ayat Shah of Johore (b. 1571 

d. 1623) alias Raja Sabrang alias Raja Bongsu. 

The evidence now goes to show that 

(A) the original nucleus from which our 1612 Sejarah Malayu 

is compiled, was written by a Malacca man of the court of Mahmud, 

last Sultan of Malacca, a man who outlived the capture of that 

port by d' Albuquerque in 1511 ; 

(B) that this Malacca author lived and wrote down to 1535, 

and that Raffles MS. 18, called hereafter for clarity the Blagden 

recension, is a copy of the original annals, before the compiler 

of 1612 altered the order of some chapters and of many sections, 

suppressed the tell-tale style of the second ruler of Malacca, 

1938] Royal Asiat^k Society, 

27 

2S 

faked pedigrees ' .and incideB.ts ' to- aggrandise. ,the^ , Malacca. Saltans 

and Bendaharas and deleted chapters referring to the senior and 

legitimist branch of Malacca royalty, in Perak. . In .other words, 

it mast be a copy written for Raffles of the 

from Goa ” about 1612 (Sheilabear p. 2) and, it would appear 

carried thither in 1536. 

(C) Finally it seems possible that the Blagden MS. ending 

with the words wa katibu-hu Raja Bongs%i ‘' and Raja Bongsu 

was the writer '' may be actually a copy of the MS. of the " history 

brought from Goa’*, that belonged to Sultan ' Abdudlah alias 

Raja Bongsu of Johore, patron of the compiler of the 1612 edition 

of the Sejarah Melayu, 

■A. 

There are many indications that the nucleus of the Sejarah 

Melayu was drafted in Malacca. 

(1) The paraphraser of the Eikayat Iskaniar in chapter 1 

is clearly the paraphraser of the Eikayat Raj a- Raj a Pasai in 

chapters 7 and 9. And even if the 1612 Johore editor had a copy 

of the latter work, he would be far less likely away up the Johore 

river than a Malacca author to know the Pasai folk-lore of ch. 8, 

the tale of the murder of the Pasai man Tun Jana Kliatib in 

Singapore in ch. 9, the story of TunBahara the Pasai chess-player 

in ch. 18, the consultations with Pasai over theological problems 

in chs, 20 and 32, the details of Malacca's campaign on behalf 

of a deposed Sultan of Pasai in ch. 22, the fight with Haru over 

Pasai in ch. 24. Pasai was just opposite to Malacca, and had 

supplied its rulers with a royal bride, with rice and with religion. 

In 1524 it was conquered and annexed by Acheh. The Pasai 

material must have been drafted in Malacca, and so too the 

paraphrase of the Eikayat Iskandar. 

chapters 1, 7, 9, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 32 (Sh.) were written 

by a Malacca man. 

(2) The Sumatran folk-lore of chapter 2 would be most 

accessible in loth centu^ Malacca, where Minangkabaus brought 

rice and gold ; while, seeing that d* Albuquerque found the Minang- 

kabaus still Hindu, they would be more adept at Sanskrit names 

than Muslims in Johore 200 years after Hinduism had been aban- 

doned. 

probably chapter 2 was drafted in Malacca. 

(3) There were strong Tamil and Indian influences in the 

cosmopolitan port of Malacca, where trade was conducted by Tamils 

and Tamil half-castes, where a coup d*etat by Muslim Tamils 

crushed Hinduism and created, the Muslim Sultanate and where 

there were half-caste BendJahar^ and Queens. There was little 

Tamil influence in seveat^iiti^:'C^|tixy Johore, when Portuguese 

and Achinese fleets had.-’iipte|te,.it 'i^erilous for Indian traders to 

XVI, Part III, 

. 29 ., 

thread, .the. States of Makcca, . But a Sou th-Indian. tinge , is, 

marked, throughout the. Malacca chapters of the Sejamh Melayu, 

, Witness the folk-lore about Alexander the G.reat and, Kaid the 

Indian. and about the Chula kings and their raids on, M.alaya and 

the founding , of Bija (= Wijaya) Nagara (a capital fam.ous in the 

Deccan :till before 1565 it was destroyed) and the tale of Bichitram.. 

“ The tale of Raja Suran, if related in full, is as long as the tale of 

Hamzah '' -(ch. 1)— but not in Malay. W.itness the tale of the 

Hindu herald reciting a Sanskrit coronation formula 

and descending on a bull, the animal on which Shiva rode (ch, 2). 

Then (ch. 4) there is the marriage of a Singapore prince to a Kalinga 

princess, daughter of Jambuga Rama Mudaliar. There is the 

tale (ch. 11) of the origin of the choice of Malacca, paralleled in 

Ceylonese folk-lore. There is the story of Man! Purindam, a 

Tamil equivalent of Bendahara, in ch. 12, of the Indian warrior 

Khoja Baba, entitled Akhtiar Muluk in ch. 17, of the Tamil 

poltroon, Miaruzul,in ch. 24, of envoys sent to Inclia to buy silks 

(ch. 27), of the law-suits between Raja Mudaliar and ' All Man u 

Nayan and Naina Sura Diwana in ch. 33. There is no mention of 

Tamils after the fall of Malacca. 

■ Ghapters 1, 2, 4, 12, 17, 24, 27 and 33 (Sh.) could not have been 

drafted in seventeenth century Johore, Much of their contents 

must be contemporary reporting of 15th century Malacca life. 

(4) The ]d.YB.nese Damar BulanandPanp stories in chB.j>ieTs 

5 and 14 with verses in Javanese could easily be gleaned from the 

Javanese quarter of Malacca, though the mythical career of Hang 

Tiiah must postdate his death in the last decade of the fifteenth 

century. 

(5) The romantic tales of Mansur Shah's Javanese (ch. 14) 

and Chinese marriages (ch. 15) must have been written by an 

author to whom that Sultan's reign was a grandfather's tale, 

Mansur Shah ascended the throne about 1456. Time would have 

turned him into a myth by 1510. 

• (6) It is reasonable to infer that the student of the Hikayat 

Iskandar (ch. 1) and the Hikayat Pasai (chas. 7 and 9) would 

be the student of the Hikayat Hamzah and the Hikayat Hanaftah 

in Sh.'s ch. 34. 

In that event, chs. 1, 7, and 9 (Sh.) were written by a man 

who outlived the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511. 

(7) While the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah admits myth, 

that of Mahmud (asc. 1488 d. 1529 at Kampar) is described with 

vivid sketches of court life, court intrigues and court officers. 

More than the earlier chapters, these chapters strike one as the 

work of an eye-witness and contemporary. 

(8) While the wooing of the Fairy Princess of Gunong Ledang 

is ascribed in the Blagden MS. not to Sultan Mahmud but, as one 

1938] Asiatic Society, 

30 '' 

■might, expect, to Mansur Shah, -still the author lived long enough 

to romance about the Portuguese siege of Malacca in 1511. So far 

from being astonished at bullets, the Malays themselves, according 

to d’ Albuquerque, had many pieces of artillery. 

To sum Up, All the evidence points to the first draft of 

the Sejarah Melayu being written by a scholar, possibly of mixed 

blood, who was interested in history and in such languages as 

Javanese and Arabic and even Persian, an observer who could note 

and mimic the foreigners of a cosmopolitan port, a man who knew 

and could describe intimately the court and nobility of the last 

Sultan of Malacca. Moreover he outlived the Portuguese con- 

quest of 1511 by enough years to romance about it. 

■ . B. 

In the Blagden recension we find further evidence of the 

date of the “ Malay Annals '' and we find evidence that the author 

died shortly after 1535. It shows us, too, how the 1612 Johore 

editor did his work. 

(1) Unlike the later compilation, the Blagden recension has 

no historical incident postdating 1535, which in itself is evidence 

of its age. Its last chapter but one (Ch. XXX) describes a 

Portuguese attack on a fort at Sungai Telor, a tributary of the 

Johore, in June 1535. (The last chapter describes how a Pahang 

prince came to Sayong, still higher up the Johore, for recognition 

as Sultan.) In 1536 da Gama and 400 Portuguese troops again 

sailed up the Johore river and inflicted such losses that the Malay 

ruler sued for peace and went to live at Muar {History of Malaya, 

Winstedt, p. 76). Of this 1536 attack the author has not written. 

His work ends abruptly and with no peroration or colophon. Did 

he die or was he killed in the fighting? Obviously his uncompleted 

MS. might have been carried off by some soldier of the Portuguese 

forces in 1536. 

(2) The length of the genealogies in the Blagden MS., so short 

compared with those in the Shellabear edition, is further evidence 

of its age. To take one example. Compare the long and confused 

genealogies on pages 172 and 173 of Shellabear's edition with their 

equivalent in the Blagden recension (folio 133). 

There is more than one slip in titles, as in all Malay MSS., 

but the pedigrees go no further than the grandchildren of the 

Bendahara whom Sultan Mahmud executed in 1510 and whose 

eldest son was Temenggong before 1509. Compare, too, Sheila- 

bear's genealogies on pages 218 and 219 with Blagden's folio 164. 

That the shortness of these pedigrees is due to their date 

and not to inertia may be inferred from the dying speech of 

Sultan ' Ala'u-d-din Shah (Sh- p- 153) which is longer and better 

in the Blagden MS. , /■ 'viV,". 

Journal Mduyan Branch [Vol. XVI, Part III, 

,31 

(3) , The. Biagden recension shows in several places , a, more 

logical and better arrangement of paragraph and chapters, whereas 

the 1612 compilation shows signs of scissors and paste.. For 

example. 

By putting Raja Chulan's descent into the sea, marriage 

with a mermaid and begetting of Bichitram, Paldutani and Nila- 

tanam at the end of ch. 1, the annalist can write ch, 2 without 

the long parenthesis SheUabear (pp. 18-19) inserts in brackets. 

(4) The instances of transposition of chapters and the more 

numerous cases of transposition of paragraphs and incidents in the 

printed '' Malay Annals are far too many to have been due to the 

vagaries of a careless or wilful copyist of the Blagden MS. They 

must be due to the deliberate editing of that MS, in 1612. One of 

the most glaring changes is the ascription of Sultan Mansur Shah's 

wooing of the Fairy Princess of Gunong Ledang to Sultan Mahmud 

Shah 1 It would have been strange for the original annalist to 

ascribe such a foohs errand to Sultan Mahmud within eight years 

of his death. But the editor of 1612 may have wished to balance 

the adventures of Mansur Shah and by 1612 there would have been 

83 years in which Mahmud, too, could have become a semi-mythi- 

cal figure. 

(5) Several passages are altered not for aesthetic effect 

but for distortion of history. 

(a) The 16 12 edition has sought in every way to emphasize 

the close relationship between the Sultans and the Bendaharas, 

SheUabear (pages 104 and 139) drags in Husain as a son of 

Sultan Mansur Shah by a Bendahara lady and suggests that he 

inherited the throne as ‘ Ala'u'd-din Shah ; Raja Radin, the 

Sultan's son by a Javanese woman, was killed by a man who ran 

amok. In neither context does the Blagden MS. mention Raja 

Husain and it makes Raja Radin succeed to the throne as 'Ala'u'd- 

din Shah. 

(b) Again, Ch. V. of Blagden's MS. relates how at the siege 

of Bentan the Temenggong, Sri Awadana (Udana Sh.) tried to 

make a roster of those engaged on strengthening the defences 

but did it so badly that Sultan Mahmud remarked, If ever he 

becomes Bendahara, we shall be undone", Shellabear's version 

(p. 223) turns his illiterate roster of " one fellow wfith a lance, 

a steersman with a sword, one fellow with a desk " into a list 

of broken pots and pans and slaves, which are the only gifts a 

niggardly ruler has bestowed on him ! This account of Sultan 

Mahmud's contempt for a member of the Bendahara family 

could hardly have been changed, while the old Malacca line still 

ruled. But after the last of the line was murdered in 1699, it 

became a virtue to extol the house of the new Bendahara Sultan 

of Johore. 

1938] Royal Asiatic Society, 

32 

(c) According to the 1612 edition (Sh. p. 60) Iskandar Shah* 

last King of Singapore and first of Malacca, was succeeded by 

his son Raja Besar Muda (passim): according to Blagden’s MS. 

his son was not Besar Muda but “ Kechil Besar bergelar Sultan 

Magat ” (c5U). Especially in view of Dr. Gallenfels' 

article Vol. XV, Part II, 19S7) suggesting that 

Parameswara (first ruler of Malacca) bore a title showing him 

to be inferior in birth to his wife, this is interesting : a Megat is a 

son of a commoner by a raja wife, as the Johore editor of 1612 

would know. 

{d) The Biagden MS., unlike the Shellabear text, stresses 

the Tamil origin of the three princes who descended on Bukit 

Si-Guntang, only in parenthesis giving them the names of Hindu 

nymphs- They are the three sons of Raja Suran by a mermaid : 

BicHtram, Paldutani, Nilatanam, and they have three half- 

brothers, Hiran, Chulan, and Pandayan of Negapatam. Out of 

confused genealogies comes an impression of the descent of 

Singapore's chiefs from Tamil princes rather than of the Sailendras 

of Palembang from Hindu demigods. Those chiefs were Sri Tri 

Buana, Paduka Sri Pekerma Wira, Sir Rana Wikerma, Paduka 

Sri Maharaja. 

(6) The Biagden MS. does not mention Parameswera but 

makes the son of Sultan Iskandar a Megat. It gives the following 

list of Malacca’s Kings: Iskandar Shah (ruled 20 years), Sultan 

Megat (ruled 2 years), Raja Tengah styled Sultan Muhammad, 

Sultan Abu Shahid, Raja Kassim styled Sultan Muzaffar Shah, 

Sultan Mansur Shah, Raja Radin styled Sultan ‘ Ala’u’d-din, 

Sultan Mahmud. 

(7) The Biagden MS. omits many of the paiituns. The 

pantun, to judge even from the seventeenth century examples, 

must have been in inchoate shape in the fifteenth and early six- 

teenth centuries. I am disposed, therefore, to regard their absence 

as corroboration of the age of the MS. 

(8) The Biagden MS. uses two obsolete interrogative particles 

kutaha (found also in the Hikayat Pasai) and 7 mi. 

(9) Until one has studied the early chapters of the Biagden 

MS., the resemblances and differences between the two printed ver- 

sions of the trimming of Sultan *Abu’ilah of Kampar (Biagden 

Ch. XXIV Shellabear pp. 229-231) are puzzling. Had the original 

author written two versions? A study of the whole MS shows that 

the difference between the two versions of this chapter would be 

of the ruthless editing of many chapters especially those 

dealing with the reign of Sultan Mahmud. The two accounts 

of the Portuguese burning of Bentan are another instance. 

my Htdofy of Malaya 1 treated Mm as a myth, I overlooked 

Ms mention in Chinese records and foy d''Albtiqnerqne. 

Journal Malayan Branch [Vol XVI, Part III, 

33 

(10) -The omission.of six chapters of iheBlagcleii'MS.'from the 

Johore, edition of 1612 may have. been due to the curtailing of the 

editing by the .Achinese invasion of 1613, but is also, explicable on 

other grounds : — . 

■ (a) ■ Ch. XXIV. the Abdullah incident — is used . but drasti- 

cally edited. 

. V' (5)' Ch. XXV. is omitted, almost certainly because it:de'als 

with fighting the Portuguese, m l 610 Jofer^ 

had made a treaty of fnendship, and because it ^hows 

Sultan Mahmud snubbing the Bendahara Paduka Tuan, 

(c) Ch, XXVI. shows the Bendaharas mixing in Bruas 

(Perak) and Selangor politics* The Perak court, founded 

after Sultan Mahmud's death in 1529 by Ms elder and 

exiled son, was not a topic either the Sultans or Benda- 

haras of Johore wanted to remember. The Sultan of 

Johore in 1612 belonged to the Malacca family by the 

slenderest of threads, if at all. 

(d) Ch. XXVII. Ham would hardly interest Johore and 

they may have been some contemporary reason for 

omission, perhaps its ruler's descent from Sultan 

Mahmud of Malacca. 

(e) Ch. XXVIII. Johore did not want to remember that 

tlie Bendaharas had evicted Sultan Mahmud's eldest son 

in favour of a younger whose mother was of their family. 

(/) Ch. XXIX. xA.gain, the unpleasant Perak topic. The 

genealogy of that elder Perak branch was probably 

partly the reason for the unsavoury attempt to invent 

a good Malacca genealogy for Sultans 'Ala'u'd-din 

and 'Abdullah of Johore, (Shellabear pp. 257-260), 

whose real father was a Pahang Raja of uncertain 

descent and whose ties with the Malacca house were 

remote and only on the distaff side. 

(g) Ch. XXX. Impolitic harping on fighting with their 

ally of 1610, Portugal. 

(h) Ch. XXXI. Reason for omission obscure. It is short 

incomplete. 

(11) Unlike the dull Shellabear appendix, the suppressed 

chapters of the Blagden MS. display the lively descriptive powers 

of the author of the published "Malay Annals", namely of the writer 

of their nucleus before the Johore editor of 1612 started his disin- 

genuous revision. The original writer knew some Persian and uses 

the word Sar-had = " frontier The 1612 editor did not under- 

stand and changed it. The writer of the new chapters also 

employs phrases and words common in the chapters long known 

and printed, e,g. Kasai (Ch. XXV.) menafahus (ib.) di-perjahat-nya 

(ib., cf. Sh. p. 137) and that favourite tag from the chronicles of 

Pasai (Ch.XXVII.) — jikalau Jawa sa-Jawa-nya, jikalau China 

sa'-QMna-nya (cf. Sh. p. 145).* ^ 

. ’^Unforttiiia.tely we liave duly one MS. of th.e Blagdea recensio-ii- This 

must account for such corruption pada pemegian (Ch. XXV), 

1938] Royal AsiaUc Society. 

34 

(12) No mention in this recension of a "'hikayaf. brought from 

Goa '' or of an assembly of chiefs or of the Bendahara Paduka 

Raja, Tun Sri Lanang, being author. Possibly because the Blagden 

recension was no more than '' the history from Goa belonging to 

Raja Bongsu ? In taking a copy of it, the revising editor may 

merely have noted his instructions and their date in the preface and 

he would then proceed to write in another book the revised 

version that has long been known. In any case, if the editor were 

the Bendahara, he would hardly sing his own praises: such praise 

would be inserted after his death. That the preface is early may 

be surmised from the fact that Raffles MS. No. 18 is the only MS. 

giving the right day of the week for the date. 

C. 

The Raja Bongsu mentioned at the end of the Blagden 

recension could hardly be other than the Raja di-Hilir alias 

Sultan 'Abdullah, as no other Johore prince of that name was 

famous enough to be cited without his ihni. 

There are a few more notable historical variants in the Blag- 

den recension, Gangga Nagara is put in the Dindings but 

on p. 11 (Sh.) the word di-hulu siingai Johor and ia4tu bahasaSiam 

are omitted, and for Ganggayu we find Lenggui. The Permaisuri 

of Bentan is not Iskandar Shah (Sh. p. 27), an impossible name for 

a woman, but Sakidar Shah. The story of Saktimuna is omitted. 

In ch. 4 (Sh.) the Kling Raja is Adiraja Rama Mudaliar and the 

King of Singapore is not Sri Tribuana but Pikrama Wira ; on p. 34 

(bottom) Burns is rightly read, not Bruas. Raja Muda at the end 

of Ch. 4 (Sh.) is The attack Kampar comes after the 

attack on Haru. The attack on Kampar is ordered not by 

Mansur Shah (Sh. p. 119) but by Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Shah. What 

are pages 154 and 155 in Shellabear would come on Shellabear's 

page 139 and it is not Sultan Mahmud but Sultan ' Ala'u'd-din who 

is sick with diarrhoea and from whom the Bendahara and Laksa- 

mana drive his grandmother. 

One thing is certain. The bulk of the " Malay Annals '' was 

written at least eighty years before 1612. The Hikayat Iskandar, 

the Hikayat Amir Hamzah^ the Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah may 

all have been done into Malay by the fifteenth century. In that cen- 

tury, too, the " Chronicles of Pasai ” were written. It seems most 

improbable that the books like the Malay translation of the 

Ramayana and other Hindu and Buddhist romances were not 

done earlier still. Clearly there was a boom in Muslim romance 

after northern Sumatra had become Muslim in the latter half of the 

thirteenth century. Muslim works must have been written first 

at Pasai, then at Malacca, then at Acheh until the middle of the 

17 century. After the efflorescence at Acheh, due to foreign mis- 

sionaries from India, Malay literary output waned until the 

beginning of the nineteenth centuiy. 

Journal Mtdayan Branch [Vol XVI, Part III, 

 THE PREFACE OF THE MALAY ANNALS 

I have collated the preface of the Annals in the various 

printed editions, in the large Batavian MS. and in all the MSS. of 

the Malay Annals in the library of the Royal x4siatic Society, 

London. It is to be hoped that the MSS. at Leiden and Batavia 

may be similarly examined. 

I will take first the edition most used by English students. 

I Sejarah Melayu, ed. W. G. Shellabear, 1909. In this 

edition, as in that of Dulaurier, the long Arabic exordium has 

been cribbed word for word from the Bnstanu's-Salatin which was 

begun in 1638 A.D. : — it has been carefully romanised by Dr. C. 

Hoo^^kaas in his book Over Maleische Liter atuur, Leiden, 1937, pp. 

197--200, but so far as I know, no scholar has noted its source. 

Obviously, it must be an interpolation, inserted more than 26 

years after the Annals were revised in 1612. 

Shellabear's text continues :* — 

** One day the humble writer was sitting engaged in light 

conversation in the company of chiefs. Among them was one of 

higher station and rank than the others, and he remarked to the 

humble writer, ' I hear there is a Malay history brought by people 

(omwg) from Goa. Could we not improve it, so that it might be 

known to our descendants after us, and be remembered by them to 

their advantage ? ' As soon as the humble writer heard this, a 

numbness overtook the limbs of him, a humble person of extreme 

ignorance, named Tun Muhammad of Batu Sawar, abode of peace : 

— his nickname was Tun Sri Lanang, his title Paduka Raja, 

Bendahara ; he was the son of the chief Paduka Raja, grandson of 

Bendahara Sri Maharaja, great-grandson of Bendahara Tun Nara- 

wangsa, great-great-grandson of Bendahara Sri Maharaja, who was 

the son of Sri Nara diraja Tun Ali, who was the son of the blessed 

Maui Purindan. He found God through the mystic way and was 

a man of Malay race, from the Mountain Si-Guntang Mahameru 

and of the country of Malakat. 

So he remarked. It was in the 1021 year of the Prophet 

(God bless him and save him), in a dal year, on the 12th of the 

month Rabi'ud-awal, (13 May 1612) on Thursday at the hour of 

morning prayer, the sun in the ascendant, in the reign of the 

Deceased, who died at Acheh \on 6 June 1913], Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din 

Ri'ayat Shah, shadow of God upon earth, son of Sultan Ali Jala 

'Abdud-Jalil Shah, brother of Sultan Muzaffar Shah, son of Sultan 

' Alahi'd-din Ri'ayat Shah, son of Sultan Mahmud Shah, grandson of 

Sultan 'Ala'u*d-dm Shah, great-grandson of Sultan Mansur Shah, 

1938] Royal Asiatic Society. 

35 

36 

great-great-grandson of Sultan Muzaffar Shah, son of Suitan 

Mahmud Shah; the Deceased— the paradise of Allah be his kingdom 

and empire and an eternity of forgiveness and mercy ! 

“ While the king had a country at Pasai, at that time came 

Raja Dewa Said to me Sri Narawangsa, named Tun Bambang, son 

of Sri Akar, a raja of Patani, carrying the command of the ruler 

down-river, Sultan [asc.June 1613] AMuhlah Ma^ayat Shah, (son 

of the Sultan Ali Jala ‘Abdud-Jalil Shah) who was an honour to 

his country and his time, who adorned every assembly of the 

religious and had every degree of pious and virtuous attributes, — 

Almighty God increase his bounty and greatness and maintain him 

with his justice to every country. So ran the purport of his high- 

ness ' command, ‘ I ask the Bendahara to write a history ' etc. 

The writer goes on to say he called it Sulalatu^s Salatina or 

The Chronicles of Kings. 

Except for the cribbed Arabic exordium this is the same 

version as is given in the earlier printed texts of Munshi 

‘Abdudlah and Dulaurier, and contains close resemblances and one 

identical error. For example. While many MSS. give Mahmud as 

the name of Tun Sri Lanang, the three printed versions have 

Muhammad. And while the best MSS. rightly speak of the Johore 

Sultan's “ settlement at Pasir Raja” on the Johore river, which 

was new when Admiral Verhoeff visited it in 1609 (J.R.A.S.M.B., 

Vol. X, Part 3, 1932, pp. 30, 31), the three printed texts misled 

by a little learning refer to his settlement at Pasai Pasai 

makes nonsense for three reasons. In 1612 Sultan ‘Ala'u'-din was 

still in Johore and reigning. It was not till 1613 he was removed 

as a prisoner to Acheh, where he certainly was not allowed to 

open settlements [negeri). Thirdly it was to Acheh he was carried 

captive, not to Pasai, then no more than a village subject to 

Acheh. 

In addition to the two interpolations noted in square brackets, 

this preface also shows signs of what may be another inter- 

polation. As Wilkinson has pointed out (J.R.A.S.M.B., VoL XI, 

part 2, p. 148), " Malays rarely claim the authorship of their own 

works and, when they claim it, refer to themselves in very humble 

terms. Sri Lanang calls himself a poor wretch and a 

double-dyed ignoramus ” {jahil murakah), and then is represented 

as bumting out into a vainglorious passage ^ving ail his honours 

and titles and his ancestory for many generations! Among Malays 

such things are not done. The praise can only have been inter- 

polated by others after Sri Lanang was dead.” It might have 

been that Tun Bambang, as the actual writer, inserted the lineage 

of the patron of the work, Sri Lanang, but it h improbable that 

a living Bendahara would countenance such a fulsome eulogy, while 

he and his family served the old line of Sultans. So, the chances 

are that the genealogy at least was interpolated later, though 

it seems unlikely that the whole reference to the Bendahara was 

added after his death. 

^ Jourmd Malayan Branch [Vol XVI, Part III, 

37 

, . IL 111 the Library of the- Royal Asiatic Society,. London, 

there are. seven , MSS. .which agree in the 'main with, the printed 

text. ' L will note each separately, 

,. A. , Raffles Collection, No. 35. This has a short' Arabic 

preface identical with those of Raffles No. 39 and 80 and Farqnhar 

MS. No. 5. It is a slightly longer version of the Arabic preface 

to the Blagden Version.- The Malay interlinear translatio.n runs : 

segala pnji-pnjian hagi Allah yang menyatakan hangsa antara segala 

hamha-nva, dan di-keraskan mereka ihi dengan mengikut bekas Nabi 

Allah yang telah terlebeh daripada segala Nabi, dan rahmat Allah 

dan salam-nya atas yang di-ambil-nya akan Nabi, Muhammad saW 

allahu wa-sallama, yang tiada ada Nabi kenmdian, dan atas segala 

keluarga-ny a dan segala sakahat-nya, mereka itu-lah yang herusaha 

dengan memuji dia. The Arabic takes np about six lines and, as in 

Raffles No. 18, Allah is addressed as Rabb al-alamin. It praises 

Allah, lord of both w^'orlds, Muhammad last of Prophets, his family 

and his companions. 

After that opening the preface agrees with the printed texts, 

except for certain minor differences : 

{a) A history was brought from Goa by ‘‘ Orang Kaya 

Sogoh '' ^). 

(b) Tun Sri Lanang is described not simply as Bendahara 

but as Bendahara ' (jin error for laqab-nya) and 

his name is given as Mahmud. 

(c) The year 1021 A. H. is described as a year dal awal, 

whereas according to Rouffaer it should be jim awal. 

(d) Sultan ‘Alahi'd-din is bernegeri di-Pasir Raja (not at 

Pasai). 

(e) The emissary bringing the royal command is Raja Dewa 

Saht (ch.U). 

Raffles Collection No. 39. This MS. resembles No. 35 not 

only in the Arabic opening but in {a) {b) [c) [d) and (e). Sogoh 

is spelt Instead of Tun Muhammad nama-nya, Tun 

Seri Lanang tiniangdimangan-nya it reads Mahmud nama-nya 

fakir di-hadapan Tun Sri Lanang timangan-nya, a corrupt but 

suggestive passage . 

Ditto. No. 68. Possibly due to a village copyist having to 

compose something in place of a missing page, ....this MS. starts 

by saying that formerly Malays were not Muslims and that the 

Annals were written in the time of King Solomon. Their revision 

was mooted at an assembly of chiefs held in 887 A.H. in the time 

of Alexander the Great — 'if was a year, on a Thursday, 12 

Rabi ul-awaL It speaks of a work in the hands of Orajig-Kaya 

19S8] Royal Asiatic Society i 

38 

Snku from Goha. It m4elah itu, di-suratkafi4ah nwayat, 

ini oleh Orang Besar Tun Askoh di-hadapan Tun Mahmud, Paduka 

Raja gelar an~ny a, anak Orang Kaya Paduka Raja, 'chuchu Benda- 

hara Seri Maharaja. It then gives the year 1021 A.H. and calls it a 

dal year ; the month is 12 Rabi nd-awal and the day d. Monday 

which is only a few hours off the right day. There is no mention 

of Pasaior Pasir Raja or any other place in the context concerned. 

Ditto. No. 80. The Arabic preface is short and identical 

with that in Raffles No. 35 and 39 above. Orang Kaya Sogoh, 

Mahmud, bernegeri di-Pasir Raja, Raja Dewa Salt are points 

identical with those in MSS. 35 and 39. 

B. Farquhar Collection No. 5. The Arabic preface is identi- 

cal with that in Raffles Nos. 35 and 39 and 80 above. Orang 

Kaya Sogoh, Mahmud instead of Muhammad, Bendahara 

nya (== his title), bernegeri di-Pa$ir Raja, and Raja Salt all appear. 

Raja Saht comes to Sri Narawangsa huatkan hikayat pada 

Bendahara peri perturunan segala raja-raja. And the work is 

called Sulalatu* s-Salatina yaani perturunan segala raja-raja. 

C. Maxwell bequest No. 26. This MS. starts with three lines 

of Arabic to introduce the same exordium as occurs in Munshi 

Abdudlah's edition. It .speaks of ^ hikayat di-hawa oleh orang 

dari Goha. The name of Tun Sri Lanang is Mahmud. Two dates 

are given in the same sentence A. H. 1020 and A. H. 1708 {sic). 

The year dal is not mentioned. And as in Raffles No. 18 there 

is a slip i.e. Raja Saht is not mentioned and the MS. has datang 

Seri Narawangsa. 

III. The large Batavian version of the Annals, which con- 

tains an appendix on the 18th Century history of Siak (collection 

von de Wall 191 ; CCCXLV of van RonkeFs Catalogue of Malay 

MSS. in the Library of the Batavian Society) starts oh without 

preface : This is the story of Sultan Iskandar Dzul-Karnain 

having evidently lost its front pages : — I work from a copy made 

by a Malay typist. 

IV. Malay Annals translated by Dr. John Leyden with 

introduction by Sir Stamford Raffles F.R.S., London, 1821, 

Leyden's translation begins as follows : evidently he knew no 

Arabic. 

“ The author of this work commences with stating that he 

will declare sincerely what he regards as the truth, according to 

the best of his information. The occasion of the composition of 

the work is stated by the author to be the following. I happened 

to be present at an assembly of the learned and the noble, when 

one of the principal persons of the party observed to me, that he 

has heard of a Malay story which had lately {sic) been brought 

by a nobleman from the land of Gua and that it would be proper 

for some person to correct it according to the institutions of 

Journal Malayan Branch [Voi. XVI, Part III, 

39 

the Malays that it might be useful to' posterity. On learning this 

I was firmly determined to attempt the work. On this occasion 

were present T tin Mahmud, styled Paduka Raja and holding the 

office of Bendahara, the son of the noble Paduka Raja, the grandson 

of Bendahara Sri Maharaja and great-grandson of Tun Narawangsa 

the great-great-grandson of Sri Maharaja and the great-great* 

great-grandson of Mani Farandan, of Malay extraction, from the 

mountain Sagantang Maha Mini, the signet of whose country is of 

the Sawal gem (sic 1) '' 

Except for minor mistranslations Leyden then follows the 

Shellabear text and reads Pasai, not Pasir Raja. 

Salient points in Leyden s text are that 

(a) it mentions not people '' but a nobleman from Goa 

though it does not give his title Or ang Kay a Sogoh. 

'' Lately brought '' seems to have no warrant from any 

text. 

{h) Tun Muhammad is corrected to Tun Mahmud and he is 

not called author. Had Leyden a text like Raffles Nos. 

39 and 68 {supra) which says the history was written 

” in the presence of {di-hadapan) Tim Mahmud ? 

[c] Leyden's version says that a Raja Dewa Sait came to 

Sri Narawangsa Tun Bambang, son of Sri Agar, a raja 

of Patani with instructions from Sultan ^Abdullah to 

compile a history. 

V. The translation of Raffles MS. 18 is — • 

'' In the name of Allah the Merciful, the Compassionate. 

Praise be to Allah, the lord of both worlds and peace be on the 

Apostle of Allah and his four companions : Allah have compassion 

on them all. Be it known. In A.H. 1021, a dal aw al year, on 

12th of the month Rabi'uT-awal on a Sunday, at the hour of morn- 

ing prayer, in the reign of Sultan *Ala'u'd-din Ri'ayat Shah, 

shadow of Allah upon earth, while he had a settlement at Pasir 

Raja, came Sri Narawangsa, whose name was Tun Bambang, a 

son of Sri Akar, a Patani raja, bearing a command from His 

Highness Downstream, who is an honour to his place and age, an 

ornament in assemblies of the pious, a shedder of the light of 

religion and virtue ; Allah increase his greatness and bounty and 

maintain him in his justice to all countries. The command of 

His Highness was : ' I ask for a history to be compiled on all the 

Malay Rajas and their customs.'” 

Salient points are : — 

{a) The Arabic exordium, unlike the passage borrowed from 

the Bustanu* s-Salatin in Shellabear's text, is that 

of a Malay not profoundly versed in Arabic, though it 

is followed by an elaborate Arabic eulogy on Sultan 

'Abdullah {Raja Sabrang) a few lines later, 

1938] Royal Asiatic Society. 

40 

(d) The day on which the order to compile the work w'as 

given is a Sunday (nol a Thursday, as the printed texts 

say), 13 May, 1612. According to Rouffaer Bijdragen 

tot de Taal-Land en Volkenkunde van Nederkmdsch- 

Indie, Deel 77, 1921, p. 452 and to the Bustamds- 

Salatin (J.R.A.S.M.B. XI, pt. II, 1933, p. 144) Sunday 

was the correct day of the week for that date. 

(r) There is no mention of an assembly of chiefs or of 

a manuscript brought from Goa or of the work being 

done by Tun Sri Lanang or even in his presence. 

{d) The place of composition is rightly given as Pasir Raja. 

{e) As in Maxwell MS. No. 26, so here there is evidently a 

slip in the omission of Raja Dewa Sait as the emissary, 

and in the consequent ascription of the task of emissary 

to the author Sri Narawangsa, Tun Bambang. In 

view of the agreement between so many MSS., it is 

safe to assume that copyist accidentally omitted 

the words : datang Raja Sait kapada hamha, 

(/) The MS. goes on to say that the author called his 

book the Sulalakd s-Salatin. 

What conclusions can be drawn from all this evidence ? 

Raffles MS. No. 18 contains no reference to Tun Sri Lanang 

as author or patron of the Malay Annals. MSS, 39 and 80 and 

Leyden's translation suggest that he was merely patron, the work 

being written in his presence." The interpolated chapter in the 

Bustanu's-Salatin on the royal Malacca and Pahang genealogy was 

probably added during the reign of Iskandar Thani, son of Sultan 

Ahmad Shah of Pahang and ruler of Acheh from 1641-1675 A.D. 

and it states unequivocally that a Bendahara Paduka Raja wrote 

the Annals on Sunday (the correct day of the week), 12 Rabi'uT- 

awal, A.H. 1021 (13 May 1612) : — Fasal yang kedua-helas pada 

menyatakan tarikh segala raja-raja yang kerajaan di-negeri Melaka 

dan Pahang : s 

Kata Bendahara Paduka Raja yang mengarang kitab masirat 

sulalat a's-Salatina ia menengar dari-pada hapa-nya ia menengar 

dari-pada nenek-nya dan datok-nya tatkala pada hijrat al-Nahi 

saWallahu alaihi wa*$ — sallama sa-ribu dua-puloh esa pada bulan 

Rabi'ul-awal pada hari A had ia mengarang Mkayat pada menya- 

takan segala raja-raja yang kerajaan di-negeri Melaka, Johor dan 

Pahang, d.an menyatakan bangsa dan salasilah mereka itu daripada 

Sultan Iskandar Zu*l-karnain. - 

Perhaps Tun Sri Lanang did supply family trees and 

reminiscences. Perhaps the work was done by an officer of his 

department. ^ It would be no merit in a Malay Prime Minister to 

be an author in those days* Probably reference to him was mainly 

inserted in the preface for a literary reason (judging by the 

Journal Malayan Branch [VoL XVI, Part III, 

41 

MSS., before the exordium borrowed . from the Bmtan) ; for, as 

.Wilkinson pointed out (Papers in Malay subjects,. Malay Literature, 

Part, I, Kuala Lumpur, 1907 p. 18), it is in accordance with 

.Persian precedent. ; Wilkinson quoted from Gibb's Hisiory of 

Ottoman Poetry: '' It is the rule that- a long Mesiievi should open 

with a., canto, in the praise of God ; this should be followed by one in 

ho.nour of the Prophet. .The next canto is generally a panegyric 

on the great man (usually the reigning Sultan) to whom the work 

is dedicated. This, again, is most often followed by a division in 

which the poet narrates the circumstances that iiiduced him to 

begin work, generally the solicitations of some friends. " 

Finally, who was Tun Bambang, who seems to have been the 

actual editor of 1612, He says that he had the title of Sri 

Narawangsa and was a son of Sri Akar, raja Petani, On this 

Rouffaer surmises that he may have been a nephew of Sultan 

' Abdu dlah (Raja Sabrang) of Joliore. For Sultan Ali Jalla 

Abdul-Jalil of Johore had four other children beside the two 

sons who became rulers of Johore. The eldest married a daughter 

of the ruler of Patani (my History of Johore p. 61), and Rouffaer 

suggests that Tun Bambang was their son. But would he not have 

been called Raj a Bambang ? Some MS. of the A nnals may yet be 

found to give his pedigree. As a Patani Malay, he might be 

specially interested in Pahang’s relations with Johore, though if he 

were, his version, as we have seen, was altered later. 

It is interesting to note from the story of Sri Aw^adana that 

whoever wi*ote the early part of the Shellabear appendix had 

access to Raffles MS, No. 18. 

1938] Royal Asiatic Society,

JMBRAS v.XVIII pt.2 pp.154-155

CORRIGENDA. 

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 

Vol. XVI, Part III, December, 1938. 

THE MALAY ANNALS. 

Preface , line 21. For “three examples (fols. 42, 64) of an interrogative mai and two examples (fol. 99) of a word taban” 

read "five examples (fols. 42, 64) of a word maya and four (fol, 99) of a word taban” 

Page 1, line 8. Delete "Platneus.” 

,, 14, line 19. For “rezeki” read “rĕzĕki.” 

,, 18, ch, I. line 6. Omit “to the Bendahara.” 

,, 29, line 9. Omit “ Tamilised.” 

,, 32, § 8. For “two obsolete interrogative particles” etc. 

read "an obsolete interrogative kutaha (found also in the Hikayat Pasai) and a new word maya.” 

,, 32, line 37. For 1913 read 1613. 

,, 39, line 34. For “ Sri Akar a Patani Raja ” read “ Seri Agar Raja, of Patani."

,, 42, lines 11, 12. Read fa’innahu sharf al-makani w’al zamani. 

,, 42, line 14. For nur mad raja read nawwara madajat. 

,, 46, line 28. For Aftus read Aftas passim . 

,, 48, line 7. For marji' and ma'ab read marja’ and ma’ab passim . 

,, 55, line 33. For nisab read nasab. 

,, 58, line 27. For dari peti darmani read [jawi script]

, , 58, line 2 9 . For berdaimani read [jawi script]

,, 64, line 9. ? = simpankan kerana perkataan berlambat. 

,, 76, line 30. For (? = nimmat-nya) read (gimat-nya, 'its price’). 

,, 79, line 10. For buat read buah. 

,, 80, line 8. Insert (? = di-tilek). 

,, 81, line 28. For [jawi script] read dua kĕti. 

,, 86, line 29. For halkah read pĕlĕpah. 

,, 101, lines 1,2. For mautu read mauta ; for ajalu read ajali. 

,, 126, line 20. For berami read berani. 

,, 137, line 26. Read Man tawakkala 'ala Allahi kafi’. 

Page 143, line 17. For padua read paduka. 

,, 159, lines 37, 37. For karas ? read kĕris. 

,, 177, line 16. For khitab read kitab. 

,, 181, line 46. For mengerumusi read mengerumuni. 

,, 185, line 8. After [jawi script] insert (? = chara). 

,, 189, line 45. For kemendalan read kĕmĕndelam. 

,, 191, line 3. For wardi read ordi. 

,, 225, bottom Insert 

hati” Maka Bĕndahara bĕrkata pula pada Sang Sĕtia, “ Lagi-lagi-nya jangan dĕmikian, karna lain-kah Sultan Pahang dan Sultan Perak dĕngan Yang-di-pĕrtuan? Sakalian-nya itu tuan pada kita, tĕtapi pada kĕtika-nya baik: jikalau pada jahat-nya, hingga Yang-di-pĕrtuan juga sa~orang tuan kita." Sa-tĕlah itu, maka kata Bĕndahara Paduka Tuan pada Sultan Muzaffar Shah - “Patek hĕndak pulang. Apa sĕmbah tuanku pada paduka adin, 

da?” Maka kata Sultan Muzaffar Shah, “Katakan patek ĕm- punya sembah menjunjong anugerah ; tetapi jikalau ada di-kurniakan, segala sakai Patĕh Ludang itu hĕndak di-pohonkan ka-bawah duli.” Maka Bĕndahara pun mohon-lah pada Sultan Muzaffar Shah. 

(203) Sa-tĕlah datang ka-pada Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah, maka sĕgala sĕmbah Sultan Muzaffar Shah itu sĕmua-nya di-pĕrsĕmbahkan-nya ka-bawah duli Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah. Maka titah Sultan ‘Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah, “Baik-lah, sakai itu kita anugerahkan-lah pada abang.” Maka sa-tĕlah bĕrapa lama-nya Sultan Muzaffar Shah di-Sayong, maka baginda mohon-lah ka-pada Sultan ‘Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah, maka di-bĕri baginda pĕrsalin sapĕrti-nya, maka Sultan Muzaffar Shah pun kĕmbali-lah ka-Pahang. Sa-telah berapa lama-nya sampai-lah ka-Pahang. 

Wa-llahu a'lamu di-s-sawab wa ilaihi-l-marja ‘u wa-l-ma’ab. 

Wa katibu-hu Raja Bongsu. 

Note - I have to thank Professor Dr. Ph. van Ronkel for many of these corrections,- R. 0. Winstedt.