The importance of a link to Khosrow Anushirwan the Just (531 - 579 AD) was his bloodline to Zoroaster and Solomon; both of whom are related to Abraham and ultimately Adam & Eve (see Genealogy to Adam & Eve [1] [2] [3]).
Earlier Persian ; lineage:-
Ashkanian Emperors: Ashek 248 BC ->- A'hek ->- Shapour ->- Baharam Gudarz ->- Palash ->- Hormuzd ->- Narsi ->-Firouz ->- Palash ->- Khosru ->- Palashan ->- Artabanus
Ashghanian Emperors: Ardaban ->- Khosru ->- Palash ->- Gudarz ->- Narsi ->- Gudarz ->- Narsi ->- Ardaban
Sassanid Emperors: Ardeshir Babekan, 3rd Century ->- Shapour ->- Hormuzd ->- Baharam Shahindeh ->- Baharam ->- Baharam Sistan ->- Narsi ->- Hormuzd ->- Shapour ->- Ardeshir ->- Shapour ->- Baharam ->- Yezdejerd ->- Baharam Gour ->- Yezdejerd Sipah-dost ->- Hormuzd ->- Firouz ->- Palash ->- Kobad ->- Nushirvan
History of India: The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians - Muhammadan Period, Vol. 1 - Sir Henry Miers Elliot, 1867
Section: Historians of Sind - Mujmalu-t Tawarikh
pg 108 -:: In the country of Sind there were three kings, until at length the territory of the Hindus came under the authority of King Kafand, after he had by his valour subdued them. A brahman had blessed him and said that the whole sovereignty should devolve upon him.
HISTORY OF KING KAFAND — This Kafand was not a Hindu, but through his kindly disposition and equity all became obedient to him. He made fine speeches and praised the Hindus and their country. He raised their hopes by his virtues, and realised them by his deeds. He was contemporary with Alexander the Greek. He had visions, of which he asked the interpretation from a brahman and he sought peace from Alexander, to whom he sent his daughter, a skilful physician, a philosopher, and a glass vase. In the Shah-nama he is called Kaid the Hindu. This story will also be related in the life of Alexander. When the information of the brahman reached the Hindus, Kafand sent a person to Samid, his brother, directing him to go to Mansura with the brahman, and expel Mahra the Persian from those places which Bahman had conquered, and to erect idol temples in place of fire-temples. Samid called (to his assistance) Hal, king of Hindustan, and they marched against Mahra the Persian, and warred with him until he fled into the city. For three years Mahra remained in the fortress, but when no prospect of success was left he ordered a tunnel to be dug, and they carried this (subterraneous passage) to a place called Kiyatasa. He then ordered posts to be fixed in the ground on the top of the fortress, and arms and helmets to be placed upon them, so that they looked like sentries. He then retired with the whole of his force through the tunnel, and marched towards the Turks, whose king gave him refuge. After some days crows perched upon the helmets, and the soldiers of Samid perceiving this the truth was made known. The gates were then opened, and the people of the city described the departure of Mahra the Persian. So after the lapse of some years Samid returned victorious to his own country. Alexander came to India after this transaction.
After Kafand had departed his son Ayand ascended the throne, and he divided the country of Sind into four parts. One king he established at Askalandusa. Upon another he bestowed the country of Zor to which Anj [Uch ?] is attached. Three other countries of the kingdom of Sanid [Samid] he bestowed upon another. Fourthly, he consigned the countries of Hindustan, Nadama, and Lohana separately upon another. This was after the time of Hal. When the life of Ayand reached its limit, his son Rasal became king. He reigned for some time, until one rose up against him and expelled him from the kingdom. Rasal (then) went southwards, and established himself there. He had two sons, one named Rawwal, and the younger Barkamaris. ::-
Note: Mention of Porus on pg 19 reigning 140 years and killed by Alexander. This refers to Poros, nephew of the great Poros.
Short History of Jammu Raj: from earliest times to 1846 AD - Sukh Dev Singh Charak - 1985
pg 42 -:: If Paurava came into power in about 340 BC, Kaid Raj must have remained ruler of the Panjab from around 390 BC as he is stated to have ruled Punjab for 43 years.::-
-::These Ghakhars are, in fact, Khokhars, who claim a persian descent, from Sultan Kaid, son of Kaigohar.::-
Glossary Of The Tribes And Castes Of The Punjab And North-west Frontier Province - HA Rose - vol 2 1911 vol 3 1919.
-:: The traditional history of Khokhars
"Beorasahsa, who succeeded Jamshid, King of Persia, was called Dahak or the 'Ten Calamities.' On his shoulders were two snake -like tumours, whence he was nick-named Maran or Aydaha by the Persians, and called Dahak (or Zuhak) Maran, while his descendants were designated Tak-vansi, Nagbansi or Takshak. About 1500 B.C. Kama, the ironsmith, aided Faridun, a descendant of Jamshid, to subdue Dahak, who was cast into the well of Koh Damavind, and Faridun became King of Persia. One of Dahak's descendants, named Bustam Raja, surnamed Kokra, was governor of the Punjab and had his capital at Kokrana, on a hill in the Chinhath Doab, but it is now called Koh Kirana. At the same time Mihrab, also a descendant of Zuhak, held Kabul as a feudatory of Faridun.
After acquiring the Persian throne, Faridun marched against Dahak's descendants. Bustam fled and sought refuge in the Hill of Ghor, west of Kandahar, where his people ruled generations, being called Ghori or Ghoria and all being pagans.
Some years later Bustam was murdered and some powerful Raja took possession of the Sindh-Sagar Doab, where Alexander found Takshail (Taxiles), founder of Takshala (Taxila), now Dheri-Shahan in the Attock district. But before the Macedonian invasion Kaid Raj, King of Marwar, overran the Punjab in the region of Darius Hystaspes, soon after Bustam's murder. His capital was Bhera on the Jhelum district and he also founded a fort at Jammu, which he entrusted to Virk Khokhar, one of his kinsmen. Virk, with his own tribesmen, conquered the northern hills, and then, in league with the hillmen of Kohat and the Sulaiman Hills, drove Kaid Raj out of the Panjab. The Khokhars, under such chiefs as Jot, Salbahan, Tal, Bal, Sirkap, Sirsuk, Vikram, Hodi, Sanda, Askap, Khokhar (sic), Badal and Kob, thenceforward held the Punjab." ::-
A third book says "The allies marched against Kaid Raj, and he, being unable to resist, relinquished that country (of the Panjab) to them. From that time this tribe spread, and took possession of every hill which had a chief. It would seem that this tribe is the same as the Afghans of the present day. Kaid Raj reigned for forty-three years."
Ancient Geography of India: I. the Buddhist Period, including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang - by Sir Alexander Cunningham, 1871.
pg 248 -::I. SINDH.
In the seventh century Sindh was divided into four principalities, which, for the sake of greater distinctness, I will describe by their geographical positions, as Upper Sindh, Middle Sindh, Lower Sindh, and Kachh. The whole formed one kingdom under the Raja of Upper Sindh, who, at the time of Hwen Thsang's visit in AD 641, was a Siu-to-lo or Sudra. So also in the time of Chach, only a few years later, the minister Budhiman informs the king that the country had been formerly divided into four districts, each under its own ruler, who acknowledged the supremacy of Chach's predecessors. At a still earlier date Sindh is said to have been divided into four principalities by Ayand, the son of Kafand, who reigned some time after Alexander the Great. These four principalities are named Zor, Askalandusa, Samid, and Lohana, all of which will be discussed presently, as they would appear to correspond with the divisions noted by Hwen Thsang.
"Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan", or the central and western Rajput states of India - James Tod, vol 1 1920 / vol 2 1873 1920 / vol 3 1920.
Mahawanso: Ceylon Almanacs, Pali Literature, compiled by G Turnour, 1836.
"On the identity of Xandrames & Krananda" - Edward Thomas - Art.16 in "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland", vol 1 - 1865, pp. 447-487.
-:: Notwithstanding the many marked historical coincidences and other connecting analogies, it would have been venturesome to have based the identification of Ξανδράμης and the Krananda of the coins upon the imperfect similitude of the two names as they stood in simple relation to each other ; but the retention of the designation in the form of Kand by the Arabic authors, restores the most important element of the name in the initial K. Masaudi, who follows Ibn Mokaffa (Obiit. 277 A.H.), in his Indian history, tells us that Alexander, after having disposed of Porus, entered into correspondence with one of the most powerful kings of India named Kand. This monarch is represented as ruling over a distant part of the country, the exact locality of which is not specified. He is stated, in opposition to classical testimony, to have borne the highest character for wisdom, virtue, and good administration ; and the singular item is mentioned in reference to the length of his life [or reign], which, though distorted in the repetition, seems to identify him directly with the Hindu traditional "one hundred years" of the rule of the Nandas. The intercourse by ambassadors which ensues relates mainly to the question of magic and the four marvels of necromancy with the inexhaustible cup, which figures in so many fairy tales, possessed by the Indian king. The same stories of the two monarchs are embodied in the Shah Namah...::-
Invasion of India by Alexander the Great - JW McCrindle, 1896 - described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin.
pg 281 -:: He had obtained from Phegeus a description of the country beyond the Indus : First came a desert which it would take twelve days to traverse ; beyond this was the river called the Ganges which had a width of thirty-two stadia, and a greater depth than any other Indian river ; beyond this again were situated the dominions of the nation of the Praisioi and the Gandaridai, whose king, Xandrames, had an army of 20,000 horse, 200,000 infantry, 2000 chariots, and 4000 elephants trained and equipped for war. Alexander, distrusting these statements, sent for Poros and questioned him as to their accuracy. Poros assured him of the correctness of the information, but added that the king of the Gandaridai was a man of quite worthless character, and held in no respect, as he was thought to be the son of a barber. This man — the king's father — was of a comely person, and of him the queen had become deeply enamoured. The old king having been treacherously murdered by his wife, the succession had devolved on him who now reigned.::-
History of India, (in 9 volumes) - Vol. II -or- Early History of India: From the 600 BC to the Mohammedan Conquest - by Vincent A Smith, 1906
- Alexander's Indian Campaign pg 54 -or- pg 60.
-:: At Ohind, Alexander was met by an embassy from {king} Ambhi (Omphis), who had recently succeeded to the throne of Taxila, the great city three marches beyond the Indus. The lately deceased king had met the invader {Alexander} in the previous year {327 BC} at Nikaia and tendered the submission of his kingdom. This tender was now renewed on behalf of his son by the embassy, and was supported by a contingent of 700 horse and a gift of valuable supplies, comprising 30 elephants, 3,000 fat oxen, more than 10,000 sheep, and 2,000 talents of silver.
The ready submission of the rulers of Taxila is explained by the fact that they desired Alexander's help against their enemies in the neighbouring states. Taxila was then as war both with the hill kingdom of Abhisara and with the more powerful state governed by the king whom the Greeks called Porus, which corresponded with the modern districts of Jihlam, Gujarat, and Shahpur.::-
History of India - As told by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period - Vol 6 - HM Elliot - pg.555
Introduction to Firishta's History
660. “Rahat, son of Shankal, raised to the throne by Afrasiyab. — Rahat was a devout and well-meaning Raja. He divided the revenues of his kingdom, which stretched from Garhi to Malwa, into three portions. One he dispensed in charity, the second he appropriated to the support of his father Shankal and the tribute to Afrasiyab, and the third he devoted to the maintenance of his army and cattle. Through this arrangement his army diminished, and the Raja of Malwa, who was subject to him, and paid him revenue, threw off the yoke of obedience, and wrested the fort of Gwalior from the possession of his officers. Raja Rahat had built the fort of Rohtas, and he had erected a large idol temple, where he was then engaged in worship. He led an army against the Raja of Malwa, but returned unsuccessful.(1) Rahat reigned eighty-one years, when he died. As he had no son who had attained to years of discretion, a disturbance arose at Kanauj, which was the capital. A man named Maha Raj, of the Kachhwaha tribe, and a native of Marwar, raised a rebellion, seized upon the capital Kanauj, and became King.
661. “History of the reign of Maha Raj Kachhwaha. — After a time, and when Maha Raj had established his power, he led a large army against Nahrwala. He wrested that country from its zamindars, who were ahirs or cowherds, and established ports on the sea-shore for the purposes of traffic. There he built ships and launched them, after which he returned. He died after a reign of forty years. His contemporary was Gushtasp {not the Gushtasp contemporary with Zoroaster, but the later Gushtasp, viz. Hystaspes, the father of Darius I}, to whom he sent tribute every year.
662. “History of the reign of Kaid Raj. — Kaid Raj was nephew by the sister’s side of Maha Raj, in accordance with whose will and testament he ascended the throne. At this time, Rustam, son of Dastan, had been killed, and as the Panjab had for some time had no vigorous governor, Kaid Raj led his army thither, and easily obtained possession of the country. He dwelt for some time in one of its ancient cities named Behra, and then built the fort of Jammu. In it he placed one of his adherents, a man of the Gakkhar(2) tribe named Durg, and made him governor of it. From that time to the present, that fortress has remained in the possession of that tribe. After a while the Gakkhar tribe, and a tribe called Chobeh, who are zamindars of consequence in the Panjab, allied themselves with the dwellers in the desert, and with the people who live in the hills between Kabul and Kandahar. The allies marched against Kaid Raj, and he, being unable to resist, relinquished that country (of the Panjab) to them. From that time this tribe spread, and took possession of every hill which had a chief. It would seem that this tribe is the same as the Afghans of the present day. Kaid Raj reigned for forty-three years.
663. “History of the reign of Jai Chand. — Jai Chand was the commander in-chief of Kaid Raj, and, finding himself strong enough, placed his feet upon the throne. In his reign there was a great famine; and as he was not of royal race, he had no sympathy for the sufferings of the people. He spent his days at Bayana in debauchery and pleasure, while his soldiers and subjects were perishing. Many villages and towns went to ruin, and Hindustan was many years before it recovered from the effects of his neglect. Jai Chand reigned for sixty years. His cotemporary was Darab, to whom he sent tribute every year. He left a son of tender years, whom his mother placed upon the throne, she herself carrying on the government as regent. But Jai Chand’s brother, named Dihlu, conspired with several chiefs, put the boy aside, and placed the crown upon his own head.
664. “History of the rebellion of Raja Dihlu. — Dihlu was a Raja of considerable courage and daring, and he was kind and gentle to the people. His great object was to promote their happiness. He built the city of Dehli, and named it after himself. When he had reigned forty years, a man named Fur, who was related to the Raja of Kamaun, and dwelt in that country, broke out in rebellion. He first got possession of the country of Kamaun, and then he marched against the fort of Kanauj. A great battle was fought between him and Raja Dihlu, in which Dihlu was taken prisoner; and Fur sent him to be confined in the fort of Rohtas.
665. “Reign of Raja Fur.(1) — Fur soon afterwards led an army to Bang, and extended his sway as far as the shores of the Indian Ocean. He became a very great Rai, and, according to Munawwar Khan, no Rai was ever equal to him. After he had ascended the throne, ho relinquished the practice of sending tribute to the King of Iran.