Please note that these questions may not reflect the difficulty of the exam and do not cover all topics, it is just an opportunity to test your knowledge!
What is the typical value of the resting membrane potential in neurons?
a) +70 mV
b) -70 mV
c) -50 mV
d) +30 mV
Which ion is pumped out of the cell by the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump?
a) K⁺
b) Na⁺
c) Cl⁻
d) Ca²⁺
During depolarization, which ion flows into the cell?
a) Na⁺
b) K⁺
c) Ca²⁺
d) Cl⁻
What type of neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
a) Dopamine
b) Acetylcholine
c) Serotonin
d) Norepinephrine
Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves the contraction of the ventricles?
a) Diastole
b) Systole
c) Hyperpolarization
d) Resting phase
What structure in cardiac muscle allows for coordinated contraction?
a) T-tubules
b) Intercalated discs
c) Sarcomeres
d) Troponin
Which pressure drives fluid out of the capillaries into the tissues?
a) Osmotic pressure
b) Hydrostatic pressure
c) Blood colloid pressure
d) Atmospheric pressure
What is the function of troponin in muscle contraction?
a) Blocks myosin-binding sites
b) Binds calcium to initiate contraction
c) Provides energy for contraction
d) Releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which type of neuron carries signals to muscles during the reflex arc?
a) Sensory neuron
b) Interneuron
c) Motor neuron
d) Pacemaker neuron
Which phase in an action potential is characterized by the outflow of K⁺?
a) Depolarization
b) Repolarization
c) Hyperpolarization
d) Resting phase
The __________ reflex helps maintain muscle tone and posture by causing muscles to contract when stretched.
The _________ is the pacemaker of the heart.
During the _________ period, no new action potential can occur.
Myosin heads use __________ as an energy source for muscle contraction.
Calcium ions are stored in the __________ within muscle cells.
__________ is the force exerted by blood against the walls of capillaries.
The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in the __________.
__________ pressure helps prevent the lungs from collapsing.
The atrioventricular valves close during __________ systole.
The __________ gradient is created by a difference in ion concentration across the cell membrane.
Match the term to its correct description: 21. Tetanus
22. Absolute refractory period
23. Hydrostatic pressure
24. Sliding filament theory
25. Central pattern generator (CPG)
a) Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation
b) Theory explaining muscle contraction through actin and myosin interaction
c) The period during which no action potential can be triggered
d) Drives fluid out of capillaries into tissues
e) Controls rhythmic movements such as walking
Explain the difference between wave summation and treppe.
How does the Na⁺/K⁺ pump contribute to maintaining the resting membrane potential?
Describe the steps involved in excitation-contraction coupling.
What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle, and what occurs during each phase?
What happens during the refractory period of an action potential?
The relative refractory period occurs after the absolute refractory period.
Gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells allow ions to flow between cells, ensuring synchronized contraction.
ATP is required only for myosin attachment during muscle contraction.
Pacemaker-driven CPGs rely on a network of neurons interacting to produce rhythmic activity.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure draws fluid back into the capillaries from the tissues.
The __________ pathway is responsible for rhythmic, repetitive movements without sensory input.
__________ is the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood is known as __________.
The sinoatrial node sets the heart's natural rhythm, also called the __________.
The __________ cycle refers to the sequence of events in a heartbeat.