Embedded Files
DNA and RNA Structure
DNA and RNA Structure
⬅️ Structure of DNA with labeled strands, bonds, and bases.
Chapter 4: DNA, RNA, and the Human Genome - Chemistry. (n.d.). Chemistry. https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch450-and-ch451-biochemistry-defining-life-at-the-molecular-level/chapter-4-dna-rna-and-the-human-genome/.
Interphase. (n.d.). https://ib.bioninja.com.au/chromosomes/
⬅️ Visualizing the relationship between chromosomes and DNA.
Chromatin. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Chromatin
Transcription (DNA to RNA)
Transcription (DNA to RNA)
Part three: gene expression and protein synthesis. (n.d.). https://www.bx.psu.edu/~ross/workmg/TxnRNAPolCh10.htm
Greber, B. J., Toso, D. B., Fang, J., & Nogales, E. (2019). The complete structure of the human TFIIH core complex. eLife, 8. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.44771
Burgess, R. J., & Zhang, Z. (2013). Histone chaperones in nucleosome assembly and human disease. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 20(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2461
Part three: gene expression and protein synthesis. (n.d.-c). https://www.bx.psu.edu/~ross/workmg/RNAProcessingCh12.htm
Bertram, K., Agafonov, D., Dybkov, O., & David Haselbach. (2017). Cryo-EM structure of a pre-catalytic human spliceosome primed for activation. Cell, 170(4), 701–713. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867417308188
Guo, W., Bharmal, S. J., Esbona, K., & Greaser, M. L. (2010). Titin Diversity—Alternative splicing gone wild. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2010, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/753675
Translation (RNA to Protein)
Translation (RNA to Protein)
Mking. (2025, January 10). Protein Synthesis (Translation): Processes and regulation. The Medical Biochemistry Page. https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/protein-synthesis-translation-processes-and-regulation/#The_eIF-2_Cycle
Cooper, G. M. (2000). Translation of mRNA. The Cell - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9849/
Pestova, T. V., Kolupaeva, V. G., Lomakin, I. B., Pilipenko, E. V., Shatsky, I. N., Agol, V. I., & Hellen, C. U. T. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(13), 7029–7036. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.111145798
GeeksforGeeks. (2023, April 14). TRNA the adapter molecule. GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/transfer-rna/
Frank, J., Gao, H., Sengupta, J., Gao, N., & Taylor, D. J. (2007). The process of mRNA–tRNA translocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19671–19678. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708517104
Noller, H. F., Lancaster, L., Zhou, J., & Mohan, S. (2017). The ribosome moves: RNA mechanics and translocation. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 24(12), 1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3505
Problems Along the Way
Problems Along the Way
⬅️ classic presentation of sickle-shaped red blood cell in sickle cell disease.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025, January 18). Sickle cell anemia | Symptoms, Sickle Cell Trait, & Treatment. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/sickle-cell-anemia
Genetic mutation | Learn Science at Scitable. (n.d.). https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-441/
⬅️ One nucleotide change in the beta hemoglobin gene changes the amino acid sequence of the final protein product.
Ramadas, Nirupama & Sparkenbaugh, Erica. (2023). The APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis in sickle cell disease. Frontiers in Medicine. 10. 10.3389/fmed.2023.1141020.
Izumi, K. (2016). Disorders of Transcriptional Regulation: an emerging category of multiple malformation syndromes. Molecular Syndromology, 7(5), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448747
Stone, W. L., Basit, H., & Los, E. (2023, August 8). Phenylketonuria. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535378/
Carr, S. M. (n.d.). Splice-Site mutations in PKU. https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Splice-Junction_mutation_in_PKU.html
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