Embedded Files
Toxicity
Toxicity
Symptoms
Symptoms
Symptoms: Amnesia, anxiety, bloodshot/watery eyes, dilated pupils, disorientation, hallucinations, headache, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, increased mucous production, hemolysis, loss of balance, loss of motor control, numbness, pain in nose, perspiration, salivation, tingling, violent sneezing, weakness.
Duration of Symptoms: 15 minutes - 3 hours
Rate of Poison: Rapid
Causes Death: Possibly
Treatment: Fluid replacement, IV therapy.
The yopo plant has been used as a hallucinogen in South American regions. Typically, yopo is chewed like tobacco.
Photo: Karen - Flickr
License Non-Commercial Share-Alike 2.0
Seeds often contain the chemical responsible to cause hallucinations when chewed.
Photo: Vojtěch Zavadil - Wikimedia Commons
License Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 :
Main Toxin
Main Toxin
Molecular structure of Bufotenine (PubChem)
Bufotenine
Bufotenine
Bufotenine, also known as N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, is an indolealkylamine. The chemical structure of bufotenine is similar to that of DMT and is a potential isomer to that of psilocin. Approximately 200-300 mg/kg can result in cardiac arrest in rodents, resulting in fatalities.
Level of Toxin: Seeds - 7.4%
Impacting Dosage: 8 - 100 mg (greater than could be life-threatening).
DMT
DMT
DMT, also known as N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid substance that causes a psychedelic reaction to occur. This substance is formed naturally in many organisms, including humans. DMT is located within the neurotransmitters of the human brain and is metabolized by tryptamine-N-methyltransferase.
Level of Toxin: 0.16 - 75% in seeds, 8% in pods, 12 - 49% in leaves, 5% in twigs. 5 - 42% in bark, 2% in roots. 100% in snuff form.
Impacting Dosage: 0.4 mg/kg; 50 mg
Molecular structure of DMT (PubChem)
Other Toxins and Chemical Components
Other Toxins and Chemical Components
5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT is a psychedelic tryptamine, though the psychadelic effects are not as strong compared to other components. The compound is extremely unstable, causing a rapid degradation and short period of effects.
Level of Toxin: 0.4% in seeds
Impacting Dosage: 2 - 30 mg
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline.
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
Elaeagnine
Leucoanthocyanin
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide
Saponarentin
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline
5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine
Harmaline
Leucopelargonidol
N-Methyltryptamine
Tryptoline
2,9-dimethyltryptoline
Bufotenin N-oxide
Harmine
MTHC
Orientin
Viterine
2-methyltryptoline
Catechol
Homoorientine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
p-Benzoquinone Sorgoleone
General Information
General Information
Parts of Plant: Beans, seeds.
Contact Hazard: None known
Animals Affected: Cattle, rodents
*Historically used for ritualistic and religious purposes. Typically taken as a snuff.
Medicinal Value
Medicinal Value
General Information
General Information
Parts of Plant: Bark, seeds
Properties: Antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, enema, hemostatic, narcotic, prophylactic, stimulant.
Components: Cardiac glycosides, tannins (proanthocyanidin)
Antidote: None
Preparation: Decoction, snuff, syrup
Historical Uses
Historical Uses
Current Uses
Current Uses
Treatments
Treatments
Fever: Snuff
Location
Location
South America: Used medicinally during ancient times and in the 15th - 16th centuries.
Claimed Treatments
Claimed Treatments
Apoplexy: Ground up seeds into a powder (snuff).
Asthma: Bark, gum
Bronchitis: Plant softened in cachaça and wine.
Bruises: Gum
Cough: Bark
Diarrhea: Bark
Dysentery: Bark
Flatulence: Bark
Hemorrhage: Bark
Gonorrhea: Gum
Influenza: Plant softened in cachaça and wine.
Lung Infection
Pneumonia: Bark, gum
Respiratory Disease: Bark and seeds
Ulcers: Gum
Wounds: Bark and seeds
Location
Location
South America
Edibility
Edibility
Parts of Plant: Bark
Nutrients:
Minerals: Calcium
Proteins: Tannin
Taste: Not known
WARNING: Consumption of excessive amount of seeds could result in life-threatening issues.
Historical Uses
Historical Uses
Current Uses
Current Uses
Preparation Methods
Preparation Methods
None known
Preparation Methods
Preparation Methods
None known
General Facts
General Facts
Plant Facts
Plant Facts
Illustration of Yopo by Unknown Author
License: Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Anadenanthera
Other Names: Angico, Calcium Tree, Cohoba, Jopo, Jungle Juice, Mopo, Nopo, Parica.
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Bloom Colours: Pale Yellow, White
Bloom Time: September - December
Type: Perennial
Height: 60 - 88 feet
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Habitat: Drainage areas, forests, rocky fields
Origin: Caribbean, South America
States: None known
Provinces: None known
Related Species
Related Species
Family Connection
Family Connection
Sources
Sources
Toxicity Section
Toxicity Section
Bionity. (n.d.). 5-MeO-DMT. From https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/5-MeO-DMT.html
Bionity. (n.d.) Anadenanthera peregrina. From https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Anadenanthera_peregrina.html
Desgagné-Penix, I. (2017). Distribution of alkaloids in woody plants. Plant Science Today, 4(3), 137-142. From https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/320
et des Toxicomanies, F. D. D., & Saint Denis La Plaine, F. Drug maintenance therapy and 2-year outcomes of opioid-dependent prisoners: A prospective study in France (2003-2006). From https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44219132/Maintenance_therapy_and_3-year_outcome_o20160330-303-1wvlwmg-libre.pdf?1459383044=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DMaintenance_therapy_and_3_year_outcome_o.pdf&Expires=1671466773&Signature=hPMCUP-Bms9IXx3MAIwf-Bg-fdSwbZnNZjcefGhyESOsjmDBfG3vVLRZbKet5I3tueoQlavL6iUJX2gJDPlj9v9djZalqrTjJ7v59TQSRZtenuj60A8gtPW4kpSD9i2Hg88-7El9GqnrlS1xWeE6XeviU~phw7Wl6eSsddeh8uMRrQs1gzdpAFbsk4qGtFJuuxik6nm4sjIl6JyjmFQPpXEcOupkWPlJnChXRa0YiihLPbUz6sxInSLQK2Lj06FYZ947~vI0pRObp5qR2hLxOdRYc7ua6n0xutUJ-aEyNMEsjWHn4MMOxrOvGjwYHgXzPr5QCRnUWqxV3VG6uNHVCA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Fabeck, K., de Haro, L., & Simon, N. (2021, May). Poisoning caused by selfmedication with harmal seeds. In 40th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) (Vol. 58, No. 6, p. 540). From https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-03221821/
Freye, E. (2009). Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) a Psychedelic. In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs (pp. 219-220). Springer, Dordrecht. From https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_35
Gable, R. S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34. From http://www.moishv.com/works/iceers-org/docs/science/ayahuasca/ayahuasca-paper-addiction-ja07.pdf
Largo, M. (2014). The Big, Bad Book of Botany: The World's Most Fascinating Flora. HarperCollins Publishers. (pp.21-24; 384-385)
Marinho, T. A., Oliveira, M. G., Menezes-Filho, A. C. P., Castro, C. F. S., Oliveira, I. M. M., Borges, L. L., ... & Silva-Jr, N. J. (2021). Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82. From https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/XFGt5mmpbTrVBXtc6zZX9qg/?format=html&lang=en
Ott, J. (2001). Pharmañopo—Psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 33(3), 273-281. From http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8
Pagán-Jiménez, J. R., & Carlson, L. A. (2014). Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), 101-116. From https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/abs/recent-archaeobotanical-findings-of-the-hallucinogenic-snuff-cojoba-anadenanthera-peregrin-a-l-speg-in-precolonial-puerto-rico/45760E857C2A96F831708424A83497B7
Schultes, R. E., Holmstedt, B., Lindgren, J. E., & Rivier, L. (1977). DE PLANTIS TOXICARIIS E MUNDO NOVO TROPICALE COMMENTATIONES XVIII: Phytochemical examination of Spruce's ethnobotanical collection of Anadenathera peregrina. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 25(10), 273-287. From https://www.jstor.org/stable/41762774
Stewart, A. (2009). Wicked Plants: The Weed That Killed Lincoln's Mother & Other Botanical Atrocities. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. (pp. 137)
Wang, J., Xu, D., Shen, L., Zhou, J., Lv, X., Ma, H., ... & Duan, J. (2021). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of bufotenine through inhibiting lipid metabolism pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 140, 111749. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S075333222100531X?token=324AA2725F310B3024A610D7F46641C5EF75C1E49B3836872278108C81A588B2C81200B1481F3E041D378A3BE97B8A3D&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20221219155555
Writer, C. C. S. Flashback Friday: DMT,‘The Lunch-Hour Psychedelic’. From https://cannabiscbdnews.com/flashback-friday-dmt-the-lunch-hour-psychedelic/
Medicinal Value Section
Medicinal Value Section
Bionity. (n.d.) Anadenanthera peregrina. From https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Anadenanthera_peregrina.html
Fern, K. (2022). Tropical Plant Database. From https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Anadenanthera+peregrina
Marinho, T. A., Oliveira, M. G., Menezes-Filho, A. C. P., Castro, C. F. S., Oliveira, I. M. M., Borges, L. L., ... & Silva-Jr, N. J. (2021). Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82. From https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/XFGt5mmpbTrVBXtc6zZX9qg/?format=html&lang=en
Mota, G. S., Sartori, C. J., Miranda, I., Quilho, T., Mori, F. A., & Pereira, H. (2017). Bark anatomy, chemical composition and ethanol-water extract composition of Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina. PLoS One, 12(12), e0189263. From https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189263
Pagán-Jiménez, J. R., & Carlson, L. A. (2014). Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), 101-116. From https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/abs/recent-archaeobotanical-findings-of-the-hallucinogenic-snuff-cojoba-anadenanthera-peregrin-a-l-speg-in-precolonial-puerto-rico/45760E857C2A96F831708424A83497B7
Passos, I. D. & Mironidou-Tzouveleki, M. (2016). Hallucinogenic Plants in the Mediterranean Countries. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/anadenanthera-peregrina
Edibility Section
Edibility Section
Largo, M. (2014). The Big, Bad Book of Botany: The World's Most Fascinating Flora. HarperCollins Publishers. (pp.384-385)
Mota, G. S., Sartori, C. J., Miranda, I., Quilho, T., Mori, F. A., & Pereira, H. (2017). Bark anatomy, chemical composition and ethanol-water extract composition of Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina. PLoS One, 12(12), e0189263. From https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189263
General Facts Section
General Facts Section
Largo, M. (2014). The Big, Bad Book of Botany: The World's Most Fascinating Flora. HarperCollins Publishers. (pp.384-385)
Marinho, T. A., Oliveira, M. G., Menezes-Filho, A. C. P., Castro, C. F. S., Oliveira, I. M. M., Borges, L. L., ... & Silva-Jr, N. J. (2021). Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82. From https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/XFGt5mmpbTrVBXtc6zZX9qg/?format=html&lang=en
Mota, G. S., Sartori, C. J., Miranda, I., Quilho, T., Mori, F. A., & Pereira, H. (2017). Bark anatomy, chemical composition and ethanol-water extract composition of Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina. PLoS One, 12(12), e0189263. From https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189263
SF Gate. (2021). How to Grow Anadenanthera Peregrina. From https://homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-herb-garden-indoor-outdoor-13771633.html
Date of page creation: December 20, 2022
Updated page: March 21, 2023
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