Embedded Files
Bittersweet Nightshade
Toxicity
Toxicity
Symptoms
Symptoms
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, blood in urine, burning throat, convulsions, decrease body temperature, delirium, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, dilated pupils, dizziness, drowsiness, fever, hallucinations, headaches, heart arrhythmia, jaundice, loss of sensation, low blood pressure, nausea, paralysis, respiratory depression, salivation, slow heart rate, thirst, vertigo, vomiting, weakness.
Duration of Symptoms: Severe cases, 1 - 2 weeks
Rate of Poison: 7 - 19 hours
Causes Death: Yes (rare)
Treatment: Intravenous physostigmine
This tiny little flower alone can cause severe ailments when ingested. However, severe cases are more uncommon than your typical ailments.
Photo: N. L. Viau & D. A. Wilkerson
Children are mainly the victims when it comes to poisonings from berries, especially due to their attractive red colour.
Photo: D. A. Wilkerson
Main Toxin
Main Toxin
Molecular structure of solanine (PubChem)
Solanine
Solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid that can disrupt cell membrane activity and cause the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Solanine also interacts with the mitochondria by opening the potassium channels. This causes an influx of calcium ions to be released into the cytoplasm of the cells. As a result, programmed cell death, known as apoptosis, occurs.
Level of Toxin: 0.7963 μg/g - 4.2166 μg/g
Impacting Dosage: 3 - 6 mg/kg
Other Toxins and Chemical Components
Other Toxins and Chemical Components
Solasodine
Solasodine
Solasodine is a steroidal alkaloid and aglycon that can cause apoptosis by inhibiting crucial functioning of cells. It can also cause a reduction of the cell mitochondrial membrane potential. The glycoalkaloids of solasodine consist of α-solamargine and α-solasonine. Because of its properties, solasodine has been used in studies to test the effects on cancerous cells.
Level of Toxin: 0.1% - 1.5%
Impacting Dosage: 30 mg/kg in mice.
β-Soladulcine
Spirosolane
Dulcamarine
Tomatidenol
Soladulcine
Tomatidine
Solamarine
General Information
General Information
Parts of Plant: All parts
Contact Hazard: Dermatitis may occur if in contact with plants.
Animals Affected: Most animals.
*Many birds are unaffected.
Medicinal Value
Medicinal Value
General Information
General Information
Parts of Plant: All parts
Properties: Alterative, anodyne, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hepatic, narcotic, purgative, sedative.
Components: Alkaloids (Solanine)
Antidote: None known
Preparation: Decoction, dried, extract, marinated in vinegar
Historical Uses
Historical Uses
Current Uses
Current Uses
Treatments
Treatments
Asthma: Solanine
Cancer
Eczema: Stems
Epilepsy: Solanine
Inflammation
Skin Abrasions
Tumors
Warts
Location
Location
Germany: Used the stems of bittersweet nightshade to treat eczema.
Greece: In ancient times, people used bittersweet nightshade to treat cancer, tumors, and warts.
Rome: In ancient times, people used bittersweet nightshade to treat cancer, tumors, and warts.
Claimed Treatments
Claimed Treatments
Acne
Arthritis
Backache: Leaves, stem
Bronchial Congestion
Bronchitis: Fruit
Cancer: Root, solanine
Cancerous Sores: Fruit
Circulation Ulcers: Bark, root, shoots
Cough: Leaves, stem
Diarrhea: Leaves, stem
Eczema
Eye Inflammation: Leaves, stem
Fluid Retention
Gout: Fruit
Heart Ailments
Jaundice
Joint Pains: Stem
Rheumatism
Skin Diseases
Swelling: Fruit, root
Tumors
Ulcers
Ulcerative Colitis
Warts
Whooping Cough: Fruit
Location
Location
India: Plant used for asthma, liver diseases, and inflammation.
Edibility
Edibility
General Information
General Information
Parts of Plant: None known
Nutrients: None known
Taste: Bitter
WARNING: !DO NOT CONSUME!
Historical Uses
Historical Uses
Current Uses
Current Uses
Preparation Methods
Preparation Methods
None known
Preparation Methods
Preparation Methods
None known
General Facts
General Facts
Plant Facts
Plant Facts
Illustration of Bittersweet Nightshade by Amédée Masclef
Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade Family)
Genus: Solanum
Other Names: Amara Dulcis, Bitter Nightshade, Blue Bindweed, Blue Nightshade, Climbing Nightshade, Devil's Apple, Dwale, Dulcamara, European Bittersweet, European Nightshade, Fellenwort, Felonwood, Fevertwig, Morel Nightshade, Poisonberry, Poisonflower, Poisonous Nightshade, Pushion-Berry, Scarlet Berry, Skawcoo, Snakeberry, Soda Apple, Tether-Devil, Violet Bloom, Wolfgrape, Woody Nightshade.
Synonyms: S. albiflora, S. albiflorum, S. asiae-mediae, S. assimile, S. atroviolaceum, S. borealisinense, S. var. canescens, S. depilatum, S. dulcamarum, S. gracilescens, S. hastiifolia, Solanum indivisum, S. kieseritzkii, S. kitagawae, S. laxum, S. lignosum, S. littorale, S. lucidum, S. macrocarpum, S. marinum, S. maximowiczii, S. megacarpum, S. persicum, S. pseudopersicum, S. pubescens, S. ruderale, S. rupestre, S. scandens, S. subglabrum
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bloom Colours: Purple
Bloom Time: May - September
Type: Perennial
Height: 8 - 10 feet
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Habitat: Cliffs, creeks, fence rows, marshes, moist disturbed sites, pond banks, river banks, roadsides, swamps, thickets, wetlands, woods.
Origin: Eurasia
States: CT, IN, MA, MD, MI, OR, PA, WA, WI
Provinces: BC, NM, NL, NS, NU, ON, PW, QC, SK, YT
Related Species
Related Species
Solanum adoense
Photo: Luigi Balugani - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum aethiopicum
(Bitter Tomato)
Photo: Hans B. - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum africanum
(Dune Nightshade)
Photo: peterrwarren - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum amygdalifolium
(Almond-Leaved Nightshade)
Photo: Bobbi Angell - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 4.0
Solanum annuum
(Bell Pepper)
Photo: Judgefloro - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum arundo
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum atropurpureum
(Purple Devil)
Photo: Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum aviculare
(Kangaroo Apple)
Photo: Alan Liefting- Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum bahamense
(Bahama Nightshade)
Photo: Mason Brock - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum bonariense
(Granadillo)
Photo: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum bumeliffolium
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum carolinense
(Carolina Horsenettle)
Photo: D. A. Wilkerson
Solanum cernuum
Photo: Biodiversity Heritage Library - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum coagulans
(Ubhi-Ringani)
Photo: Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum commersonii
(Commerson's Nightshade)
Photo: Paula Altesor, Andrés González, Stefan Schmidt - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum conocarpum
(Marron Bacoba)
Photo: Thomas Heller - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum curvicuspe
(Hairy Nightshade)
Photo: Peter Woodard - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum densevestitum
(Furry Nightshade)
Photo: Poyt448 - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum donianum (Blodgett's Nightshade)
Photo: Homer Edward Price - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 2.0
Solanum douglasii
(Greenspot Nightshade)
Photo: Alan Schimierer - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum elaeagnifolium
(Silverleaf Nightshade)
Photo: CarlsbadCavernsNPS - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum erianthum
(Potato Tree Leaf)
Photo: Dr.S.Soundarapandian - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum evolvuloides
Photo: Leandro L. Giacomin, João Renato Stehmann - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 4.0
Solanum fernandezianum
Photo: Jardín Botánico Nacional, Viña del Mar, Chile - Flickr
License: CCNC 2.0
Solanum ferrugineum
(Turkey Berry)
Photo: Francisco Farriols Sarabia - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 4.0
Solanum furcatum
(Forked Nightshade)
Photo: Jardín Botánico Nacional, Viña del Mar, Chile - Flickr
License: CCNC 2.0
Solanum galapagense
(Galapagos Tomato Blossoms)
Photo: Kevin Gepford - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum granuloso-leprosum
(Granulose-Leprose Nightshade)
Photo: Lmalena - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum heterodoxum
(Melon Leaf Nightshade)
Photo: Wouter Hagens - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum jamesii
(Wild Potato)
Photo: Patrick Alexander - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum kurtzianum
Photo: Elżbieta Renik - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum lanceifolium
(Lanceleaf Nightshade)
Photo: E.P. Mallory - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCNCND 2.0
Solanum lanzae
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum lasiophyllum
(Flannel Bush)
Photo: Dinkum - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum lidii
(Lid's Nightshade)
Photo: Krzysztof Ziarnek Kenraiz - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum lycopersicum
(Tomato)
Photo: D. A. Wilkerson
Solanum madagascariense
(Madagascar Nightshade)
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum maglia
(Maglia's Nightshade)
Photo: Jardín Botánico Nacional, Viña del Mar, Chile - Flickr
License: CCNC 2.0
Solanum mahoriense
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum mauense
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum mauritianum
(Woolly Nightshade)
Photo: Olive Titus - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum melongena (Eggplant)
Photo: Victor M. Vicente Selvas - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum muenscheri
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum muricatum
(Pepino)
Photo: Lozère - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum myoxotrichum
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum nelsonii
Photo: Eric Dale - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum nigriviolaceum
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum nigrum
(Black Nightshade)
Photo: Javier martin - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum oblongifolium
(Violet Nightshade)
Photo: Fajardo-Gutiérrez, Francisco - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 3.0
Solanum opacum
(Green Berry Nightshade)
Photo: Peter de Lange - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum paniculatum
(Sharp-Lobed Nightshade)
Photo: Jorge - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum phoxocarpum
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum physalifolium
(Argentine Nightshade)
Photo: AnRo0002 - Wikimedia
License: Public Domain
Solanum pimpinellifolium
(Currant Tomato)
Photo: Forrest and Kim Star - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum plastisexum
(Dungowan Bush Tomato)
Photo: Angela J. McDonnell et al - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 4.0
Solanum polhillii
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum prinophyllum
(Forest Nightshade)
Photo: Peter Woodard - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum pseudocapsicum
(Jerusalem Cherry)
Photo: Daderot - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum ptychanthum
(Eastern Black Nightshade)
Photo: Cbaile19 - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum pungetium
Photo: Peter Woodard - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum pyracanthos
(Porcupine Tomato)
Photo: Cbaile19 - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum quitoense
(Naranjilla)
Photo: I. Sáček, Sr. - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum richardii
(Richard's Nightshade)
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum rostratum
(Buffalo Burr Nightshade)
Photo: USDA NRCS Montana - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum sandwicense
(Aiakeakua Popolo Hawai'i Horsenettle)
Photo: Dick Culbert - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 2.0
Solanum saccharoides
(Hairy Nightshade)
Photo: Jim Pisarowicz - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum schlechtendalianum
(Riedle's Nightshade)
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum schumannianum
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum seaforthianum
(Brazilian Nightshade)
Photo: Forest and Kim Starr - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 3.0
Solanum setaceum
(Wild Tomato)
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum stoloniferum (Creeping Nightshade)
Photo: Patrick Alexander - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum stramoniifolium
(Prickly Nightshade)
Photo: Denis Bastianelli - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 4.0
Solanum sturtianum
(Thargomindah Nightshade)
Photo: Margaret Donald - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 2.0
Solanum subinerme
(Wild Potato)
Photo: Soetjipto Verkuijl - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum tegore
Photo: Fusée Aublet - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum terminale
(Bitterberry)
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum thomsonii
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum torvum
(Turkey Berry)
Photo: AnRo0002 - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum truncicola
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum truncicola
Photo: Maria Vorontsova - Flickr
License: Public Domain
Solanum tuberosum
(Potato)
Photo: D. A. Wilkerson
Solanum umalilaense
Photo: Mkabwa L. K. Manoko, Gerard M. van der Weerden, Ronald G. van den Berg, Celestina Mariani - Wikimedia Commons
License: CC 4.0
Solanum vescum
(Green Kangaroo Apple)
Photo: Cowirrie - Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Solanum vespertilio
(Tenerife Nightshade)
Photo: Krzysztof Ziarnek Kenraiz - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum viarum
(Tropical Soda Apple)
Photo: Krzysztof Ziarnek Kenraiz - Wikimedia Commons
License: CCSA 4.0
Solanum wendlandii
(Costa Rican Nightshade)
Photo: Dinkum -
Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
Other Species
Other Species
Solanum abitaguense
Solanum abutilifolium
Solanum acroglossum
Solanum actephilum
Solanum adoxum
Solanum affine
Solanum agrimoniifolium
Solanum albicans
Solanum aligerum
Solanum alphonsei
Solanum amayanum
Solanum amnicola
Solanum ancophilum
Solanum angustifidum
Solanum anoacanthum
Solanum apaporanum
Solanum apodophyllum
Solanum arcanum
Solanum argopetalum
Solanum armourense
Solanum asteropilodes
Solanum augustii
Solanum austropiceum
Solanum barbisetum
Solanum buerianum
Solanum btroka
Solanum blanco-Galdosii
Solanum bombycinum
Solanum brevifolium
Solanum bulbocastanum
Solanum caatingae
Solanum cajanumense
Solanum callianthum
Solanum camranhense
Solanum cantense
Solanum capoerum
Solanum caricaefolium
Solanum catilliflorum
Solanum cerasiferum
Solanum chamaeacanthum
Solanum chilliasense
Solanum chmielewskii
Solanum citrinum
Solanum clarum
Solanum coalitum
Solanum cocosoides
Solanum complectens
Solanum concinnum
Solanum conglobatum
Solanum cookii
Solanum cordifolium
Solanum corneliomulleri
Solanum corymbosum
Solanum crassitomentosum
Solanum croatii
Solanum cucullatum
Solanum cyaneopurpureum
Solanum cylindricum
Solanum dammerianum
Solanum dasyphyllum
Solanum decorum
Solanum delicatulum
Solanum depauperatum
Solanum didymum
Solanum diploconos
Solanum doddsii
Solanum dolosum
Solanum dunalianum
Solanum echegarayi
Solanum edmundoi
Solanum elatius
Solanum enantiophyllanthum
Solanum eremophilum
Solanum euacanthum
Solanum exiguum
Solanum fecundum
Solanum fervens
Solanum flaccidum
Solanum foetens
Solanum fragile
Solanum fulvidum
Solanum galactites
Solanum gardneri
Solanum glabratum
Solanum gnaphalocarpon
Solanum gonocladum
Solanum graciliflorum
Solanum graniticum
Solanum guamense
Solanum gundlachii
Solanum hapalum
Solanum hastiforme
Solanum heiseri
Solanum hesperium
Solanum hieronymi
Solanum hirtulum
Solanum homalospermum
Solanum houstonii
Solanum hugonis
Solanum humectophilum
Solanum hypaleurotrichum
Solanum hystrix
Solanum imbaburense
Solanum inamoenum
Solanum incomptum
Solanum infuscatum
Solanum insidiosum
Solanum intermedium
Solanum iodinum
Solanum irregulare
Solanum jabrense
Solanum johnstonii
Solanum julocrotonoides
Solanum juvenale
Solanum kioniotrichum
Solanum kollastrum
Solanum lacerdae
Solanum laevigatum
Solanum lapidosum
Solanum latiflorum
Solanum leontopodium
Solanum leptocaulon
Solanum leratii
Solanum leucodendron
Solanum lichtensteinii
Solanum limitare
Solanum litoraneum
Solanum longifilamentum
Solanum luculentum
Solanum lycopersicoides
Solanum macrothyrsum
Solanum malacothrix
Solanum malmeanum
Solanum marantifolium
Solanum maternum
Solanum medusae
Solanum melastomoides
Solanum memphiticum
Solanum michaelis
Solanum microphyllum
Solanum mitchellianum
Solanum moense
Solanum monarchostemon
Solanum morrisonii
Solanum multiflorum
Solanum multivenosum
Solanum narcoticosmum
Solanum nematorhachis
Solanum neorossii
Solanum nolense
Solanum nutans
Solanum ochrophyllum
Solanum okadae
Solanum oliveirae
Solanum oocarpum
Solanum orgadophilum
Solanum osteocarpum
Solanum oxycoccoides
Solanum pachyneuroides
Solanum pallidifolium
Solanum pampaninii
Solanum paraibanum
Solanum pastillum
Solanum pauperum
Solanum peikuoense
Solanum pentaphyllum
Solanum perplexum
Solanum petraeum
Solanum piceum
Solanum pinetorum
Solanum placitum
Solanum plicatile
Solanum pluviale
Solanum polyadenium
Solanum praetermissum
Solanum profusum
Solanum pseuderanthemoides
Solanum pseudogracile
Solanum pseudospinosum
Solanum pubigerum
Solanum punctulatum
Solanum pycnotrichum
Solanum quebradense
Solanum raphanifolium
Solanum reclusum
Solanum reineckii
Solanum retrorsum
Solanum rhytidoandrum
Solanum ripense
Solanum roblense
Solanum rovirosanum
Solaunm ruizii
Solanum salamancae
Solanum sambiranense
Solanum sanctae-marthae
Solanum saturatum
Solanum schefferi
Solanum schliebenii
Solanum schwackeanum
Solanum sejunctum
Solanum sellowii
Solanum sendtnerianum
Solanum serpens
Solanum setosissimum
Solanum simplicissimum
Solanum sitiens
Solanum sogarandinum
Solanum sousae
Solanum stagnale
Solanum stenophyllidium
Solanum stipitatostellatum
Solanum stuckertii
Solanum subsylvestre
Solanum sumacaspi
Solanum sycocarpum
Solanum sacanense
Solanum tanysepalum
Solanum tenuipes
Solanum tepuiense
Solanum tetrandrum
Solanum thomasiifolium
Solanum torreanum
Solanum trachycarpum
Solanum trichoneuron
Solanum trifidum
Solanum triplinervium
Solanum triunfense
Solanum tudununggae
Solanum turneroides
Solanum umbellatum
Solanum unilobum
Solanum urticans
Solanum vacciniiflorum
Solanum valdiviense
Solanum vansittartense
Solanum vellozianum
Solanum verecundum
Solanum vestissimum
Solanum viscosissimum
Solanum weddellii
Solanum wittei
Solanum woodsonii
Solanum zanzibarense
Solanum abollatum
Solanum acanthodapis
Solanum acropterum
Solanum acuminatum
Solanum adscendens
Solanum agnewiorum
Solanum ajanhuiri
Solanum albidum
Solanum alliariifolium
Solanum alpinum
Solanum amblophyllum
Solanum amorimii
Solanum andreanum
Solanum angustum
Solanum anomalostemon
Solanum aparadense
Solanum appendiculatum
Solanum arenarium
Solanum aridicola
Solanum artense
Solanum asymmetriphyllum
Solanum aureitomentosum
Solanum axillifolium
Solanum barbulatum
Solanum beaugleholei
Solanum bicolor
Solanum boldoense
Solanum borgmannii
Solanum brucheri
Solanum bullatum
Solanum cacosmum
Solanum caldense
Solanum callosum
Solanum candidum
Solanum capense
Solanum capsiciforme
Solanum cassioides
Solanum caumii
Solanum chachapoyasense
Solanum chamaepolybotryon
Solanum chimborazense
Solanum chomatophilum
Solanum cladotrichum
Solanum clathratum
Solanum cobanense
Solanum colombianum
Solanum compressum
Solanum confertiseriatum
Solanum conicum
Solanum coracinum
Solanum cordioides
Solanum cornifolium
Solanum costatum
Solanum crebrispinum
Solanum crotonifolium
Solanum cunninghamii
Solanum cyanocarphium
Solanum cymbalariifolium
Solanum daphnophyllum
Solanum davidsei
Solanum defensum
Solanum delitescens
Solanum diamantinense
Solanum dillonii
Solanum dissectum
Solanum dolichocremastrum
Solanum dryanderense
Solanum dysprosium
Solanum echinatum
Solanum ehrenbergii
Solanum elvasioides
Solanum endoadenium
Solanum erosomarginatum
Solanum evolvulifolium
Solanum expedunculatum
Solanum felinum
Solanum fiebrigii
Solanum flagellare
Solanum forskalii
Solanum francisii
Solanum furfuraceum
Solanum galbinum
Solanum gertii
Solanum glandulosipilosum
Solanum goetzei
Solanum gonyrhachis
Solanum gracilifrons
Solanum gratum
Solanum guaraniticum
Solanum habrocaulon
Solanum harmandii
Solanum hayesii
Solanum heleonastes
Solanum heteropodium
Solanum hillebrandii
Solanum hjertingii
Solanum hoplopetalum
Solanum huancabambense
Solanum huilense
Solanum hutchisonii
Solanum hypermegethes
Solanum igniferum
Solanum imberbe
Solanum incanoalabastrum
Solanum incurvum
Solanum innoxium
Solanum insulae-pinorum
Solanum intonsum
Solanum iodotrichum
Solanum isodynamum
Solanum jamaicense
Solanum jubae
Solanum junctum
Solanum juzepczukii
Solanum kleinii
Solanum kriegeri
Solanum lachnophyllum
Solanum lagoense
Solanum lasiocladum
Solanum laurifrons
Solanum leopoldensis
Solanum leptopodum
Solanum lesteri
Solanum leucopogon
Solanum lignescens
Solanum limoncochaense
Solanum lobatum
Solanum loxophyllum
Solanum lumholtzianum
Solanum lythrocarpum
Solanum macrotonum
Solanum malignum
Solanum manabiense
Solanum mariae
Solanum maturecalvans
Solanum megalonyx
Solanum melissarum
Solanum mentiens
Solanum michoacanum
Solanum milnei
Solanum mite
Solanum monachophyllum
Solanum montanum
Solanum mortonii
Solanum multiglochidiatum
Solanum murinum
Solanum naucinum
Solanum nemorense
Solanum neoweberbaueri
Solanum novomexicanum
Solanum oblongum
Solanum octonum
Solanum oldfieldii
Solanum olmosense
Solanum oomsis
Solanum orthacanthum
Solanum ovum-Fringillae
Solanum oxyphyllum
Solanum pachyneurum
Solanum pallidum
Solanum pancheri
Solanum paralum
Solanum paucidens
Solanum pedemontanum
Solanum pelagicum
Solanum pentlandii
Solanum pertenue
Solanum phaseoloides
Solanum pilcomayense
Solanum pinnatisectum
Solanum platacanthum
Solanum plowmanii
Solanum poinsettiifolium
Solanum polygamum
Solanum premnifolium
Solanum prolatum
Solanum pseudoamericanum
Solanum pseudopedunculatum
Solanum pseudosycophanta
Solanum pugiunculiferum
Solanum pusillum
Solanum pygmaeum
Solanum radicans
Solanum raquialatum
Solanum reductum
Solanum reitzii
Solanum rhaphiotes
Solanum rigidum
Solanum rivicola
Solanum robustifrons
Solanum rubetorum
Solanum runsoriense
Solanum salasianum
Solanum sambuciflorum
Solanum santosii
Solanum savanillense
Solanum schenckii
Solanum schomburghii
Solanum sciadostylis
Solanum selachophyllum
Solanum semiarmatum
Solanum senticosum
Solanum sessilantherum
Solanum shirleyanum
Solanum sinuatiexcisum
Solanum skutchii
Solanum solum
Solanum spissifolium
Solanum stellatiglandulosum
Solanum stenophyllum
Solanum stipulaceum
Solanum stupefactum
Solanum subtusviolaceum
Solanum superbum
Solanum sycophanta
Solanum taeniotrichum
Solanum tarderemotum
Solanum tenuisetosum
Solanum tergosericeum
Solanum tetrathecum
Solanum tobagense
Solanum torricellense
Solanum trachycyphum
Solanum trichopetiolatum
Solanum trifolium
Solanum triquetrum
Solanum trizygum
Solanum tuerckheimii
Solanum tweedieanum
Solanum umbratile
Solanum unispinum
Solanum urubambaense
Solanum vaccinioides
Solanum valerianum
Solanum vanuatuense
Solanum velutinum
Solanum verrucosum
Solanum vicinum
Solanum volubile
Solanum whalenii
Solanum wittmackii
Solanum xanthophaeum
Solanum zoeae
Solanum abortivum
Solanum acanthodes
Solanum acroscopicum
Solanum adenobasis
Solanum adspersum
Solanum agnoston
Solanum alatirameum
Solanum albornozii
Solanum allophyllum
Solanum alternatopinnatum
Solanum amicorum
Solanum amotapense
Solanum anfractum
Solanum anisocladum
Solanum anomalum
Solanum apiahyense
Solanum arachnidanthum
Solanum arenicola
Solanum aridum
Solanum ashbyae
Solanum athenae
Solanum aureum
Solanum ayacuchense
Solanum basendopogon
Solanum bellum
Solanum bicorne
Solanum bolivianum
Solanum brachyantherum
Solanum buddleifolium
Solanum burkartii
Solanum caelicola
Solanum calidum
Solanum callosum
Solanum canense
Solanum capillipes
Solanum carautae
Solanum castaneum
Solanum celatum
Solanum chaetophorum
Solanum chiapasense
Solanum chiquidenum
Solanum chrysasteroides
Solanum clandestinum
Solanum clivorum
Solanum cochabambense
Solanum comarapanum
Solanum comptum
Solanum confine
Solanum consimile
Solanum cordatum
Solanum coriaceum
Solanum corumbense
Solanum cowiei
Solanum cremastanthemum
Solanum crotonoides
Solanum curtilobum
Solanum cyathophorum
Solanum dalibardiforme
Solanum darienense
Solanum davisense
Solanum deflexicarpum
Solanum dendroicum
Solanum dianthum
Solanum dimorphispinum
Solanum dissimile
Solanum dolichorhachis
Solanum dulcamaroides
Solanum eardleyae
Solanum edinense
Solanum eitenii
Solanum eminens
Solanum endopogon
Solanum erythracanthum
Solanum evonymoides
Solanum falconense
Solanum fernandesii
Solanum filiforme
Solanum flahaultii
Solanum fortunense
Solanum friburgense
Solanum fusiforme
Solanum gandarillasii
Solanum gibbsiae
Solanum glaucescens
Solanum gomphodes
Solanum goodspeedii
Solanum grandidentatum
Solanum graveolens
Solanum guerreroense
Solanum habrochaites
Solanum hastatilobum
Solanum hazenii
Solanum herbabona
Solanum hexandrum
Solanum hintonii
Solanum hoehnei
Solanum horridum
Solanum huayavillense
Solanum humblotii
Solanum hydroides
Solanum hypocalycosarcum
Solanum iltisii
Solanum immite
Solanum incarceratum
Solanum inelegans
Solanum inodorum
Solanum interandinum
Solanum invictum
Solanum ionidium
Solanum itatiaiae
Solanum jobsonii
Solanum jucundum
Solanum juninense
Solanum karsense
Solanum knappiae
Solanum kulliwaita
Solanum lacteum
Solanum lamprocarpum
Solanum lasiopodium
Solanum laxissimum
Solanum lepidotum
Solanum leptorhachis
Solanum leucandrum
Solanum lhotskyanum
Solanum lignicaule
Solanum lindenii
Solanum lobbianum
Solanum lucani
Solanum luridifuscescens
Solanum macbridei
Solanum maestrense
Solanum malindiense
Solanum mapiricum
Solanum martii
Solanum medians
Solanum megaspermum
Solanum mellobarretoi
Solanum mesopliarthrum
Solanum microdontum
Solanum minutifoliolum
Solanum miyakojimense
Solanum monadelphum
Solanum morellifolium
Solanum moxosense
Solanum multiinterruptum
Solanum myosotis
Solanum nava
Solanum neocardenasii
Solanum nigricans
Solanum nubicola
Solanum obovalifolium
Solanum odoriferum
Solanum oligacanthum
Solanum olympicum
Solanum oppositifolium
Solanum ortivum
Solanum oxapampense
Solanum pabstii
Solanum pacificum
Solanum palmillae
Solanum papaverifolium
Solanum paranense
Solanum paucispinum
Solanum pedersenii
Solanum pendulum
Solanum pereirae
Solanum peruvianum
Solanum phoberum
Solanum pillahuatense
Solanum pisinnum
Solanum platense
Solanum plumense
Solanum poka
Solanum polyphyllum
Solanum procumbens
Solanum proteanthum
Solanum pseudoauriculatum
Solanum pseudoquina
Solanum psilophyllum
Solanum pulverulentifolium
Solanum putii
Solanum pyrifolium
Solanum ramonense
Solanum ratale
Solanum refractifolium
Solanum repandum
Solanum rhizomatum
Solanum riojense
Solanum rixosum
Solanum rojasianum
Solanum rubiginosum
Solanum ruvu
Solanum salicifolium
Solanum sambucinum
Solanum saponaceum
Solanum savannarum
Solanum schimperianum
Solanum schuechii
Solanum scolophyllum
Solanum selleanum
Solanum semisucculentum
Solanum septemlobum
Solanum sessile
Solanum sieberi
Solanum sinuatirecurvum
Solanum smithii
Solanum sooretamum
Solanum splendens
Solanum stellativelutinum
Solanum stenopterum
Solanum stipulatum
Solanum sublentum
Solanum subvelutinum
Solanum supinum
Solanum symmetricum
Solanum taitense
Solanum tarnii
Solanum tenuispinum
Solanum ternatum
Solanum tettense
Solanum toldense
Solanum torvoideum
Solanum trachytrichium
Solanum trichostylum
Solanum trinitense
Solanum trisectum
Solanum troyanum
Solanum tunariense
Solanum ultimum
Solanum uncinellum
Solanum urens
Solanum usambarense
Solanum vagum
Solanum validinervium
Solanum velardei
Solanum velutissimum
Solanum versicolor
Solanum violaceimarmoratum
Solanum wackettii
Solanum wightii
Solanum woodburyi
Solanum yanamonense
Solanum zuloagae
Solanum absconditum
Solanum accrescens
Solanum actaeibotrys
Solanum adenophorum
Solanum x aemulans
Solanum agrarium
Solanum albescens
Solanum albostellatum
Solanum aloysiifolium
Solanum altissimum
Solanum ammophilum
Solanum anamatophilum
Solanum angustialatum
Solanum anisophyllum
Solanum antisuyo
Solanum apiculatum
Solanum arachnoides
Solanum arequipense
Solanum armentalis
Solanum asperrimum
Solanum atitlanum
Solanum austro-caledonicum
Solanum banzicum
Solanum batoides
Solanum berthaultii
Solanum bistellatum
Solanum boliviense
Solanum bradei
Solanum buesii
Solanum burtonii
Solanum caesium
Solanum calileguae
Solanum camptostylum
Solanum canoasense
Solanum capitaneum
Solanum cardiophyllum
Solanum cataphractum
Solanum celsum
Solanum chalmersii
Solanum chillagoense
Solanum chlamydogynum
Solanum cinnamomeum
Solanum clarkiae
Solanum coactiliferum
Solanum cochoae
Solanum comitis
Solanum concarense
Solanum confusum
Solanum contumazaense
Solanum cordicitum
Solanum corifolium
Solanum corymbiflorum
Solanum crassinervium
Solanum crinitipes
Solanum cruciferum
Solanum cutervanum
Solanum cyclophyllum
Solanum dallmannianum
Solanum dasyneuron
Solanum decompositiflorum
Solanum deflexiflorum
Solanum denseaculeatum
Solanum dichroandrum
Solanum dioicum
Solanum distichophyllum
Solanum dolichosepalum
Solanum dumicola
Solanum eburneum
Solanum edmondstonii
Solanum elachophyllum
Solanum emmottii
Solanum ensifolium
Solanum erythrotrichum
Solanum exemptum
Solanum fallax
Solanum ferocissimum
Solanum filirhachis
Solanum flexicaule
Solanum fosbergianum
Solanum fructu-tecto
Solanum gabrielae
Solanum garcia-Barrigae
Solanum gilioides
Solanum glutinosum
Solanum goniocaulon
Solanum gracile
Solanum graniticola
Solanum grayi
Solanum guineense
Solanum hamulosum
Solanum hastifolium
Solanum heinianum
Solanum herculeum
Solanum hibernum
Solanum hirtellum
Solanum hoffmanseggii
Solanum hougasii
Solanum huaylasense
Solanum humboldtianum
Solanum hypacrarthrum
Solanum hyporhodium
Solanum imamense
Solanum inaequiradians
Solanum incasicum
Solanum infundibuliforme
Solanum inornatum
Solanum interius
Solanum involucratum
Solanum iopetalum
Solanum ivohibe
Solanum johnsonianum
Solanum juglandifolium
Solanum jussiaei
Solanum kentrocaule
Solanum knoblochii
Solanum labyrinthinum
Solanum lacunarium
Solanum lantana
Solanum latens
Solanum leiophyllum
Solanum leptacanthum
Solanum leptostachys
Solanum leucocarpon
Solanum lianoides
Solanum limbaniense
Solanum linearifolium
Solanum longevirgatum
Solanum lucens
Solanum luteoalbum
Solanum macoorai
Solanum magnifolium
Solanum malletii
Solanum mapiriense
Solanum matadori
Solanum medicagineum
Solanum melanospermum
Solanum memaoyanum
Solanum metrobotryon
Solanum microleprodes
Solanum missimense
Solanum mochiquense
Solanum monanthemon
Solanum morii
Solanum multidissectum
Solanum multispinum
Solanum myrsinoides
Solanum nematopus
Solanum neorickii
Solanum nobile
Solanum nuricum
Solanum occultum
Solanum oedipus
Solanum oligandrum
Solanum ombrophilum
Solanum orbignianum
Solanum ossicruentum
Solanum oxycarpum
Solanum pachimatium
Solanum palitans
Solanum palustre
Solanum papuanum
Solanum parvifolium
Solanum paucissectum
Solanum peekelii
Solanum pennellii
Solanum perlongistylum
Solanum petilum
Solanum physalidicalyx
Solanum piluliferum
Solanum piurae
Solanum platycypellon
Solanum pluriflorum
Solanum polyacanthos
Solanum polytrichostylum
Solanum procurrens
Solanum pruinosum
Solanum pseudodaphnopsis
Solanum pseudosaponaceum
Solanum psychotrioides
Solanum pumilum
Solanum pycnanthemum
Solanum quaesitum
Solanum ramulosum
Solanum rechei
Solanum refractum
Solanum reptans
Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum
Solanum riparium
Solanum robinsonii
Solanum roseum
Solanum rufescens
Solanum sagittantherum
Solanum saltiense
Solanum sanctae-catharinae
Solanum saruwagedensis
Solanum scabrifolium
Solanum schizandrum
Solanum schulzianum
Solanum scuticum
Solanum sellovianum
Solanum semotum
Solanum sericeum
Solanum setigeroides
Solanum simile
Solanum siphonobasis
Solanum sodomeodes
Solanum sotobosquense
Solanum sporadotrichum
Solanum stenandrum
Solanum steyermarkii
Solanum stipuloideum
Solanum subserratum
Solanum sulphureum
Solanum swartzianum
Solanum tabanoense
Solanum talarense
Solanum tenuiflagellatum
Solanum tenuissimum
Solanum tetramerum
Solanum thelopodium
Solanum toliaraea
Solanum tovarii
Solanum tribulosum
Solanum tricuspidatum
Solanum tripartitum
Solanum triste
Solanum truncatum
Solanum turgidum
Solanum ultraspinosum
Solanum unifoliatum
Solanum ursinum
Solanum usaramense
Solanum vaillantii
Solanum vallis\mexici
Solanum velleum
Solanum venosum
Solanum verticillatum
Solanum viridifolium
Solanum watneyi
Solanum wilkinsii
Solanum woodii
Solanum youngii
Solanum zumbense
Family Connection
Family Connection
Sources
Sources
Toxicity Section
Toxicity Section
BIO203. (n.d.). Deadly Nightshade. From http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/lambert_made/interactions.htm
Butnaru, C. L. A. U. D. I. A., Vlase, L. A. U. R. I. A. N., Lazar, D., Agoroaei, L. U. M. I. N. I. Ţ. A., & Lazar, M. I. (2011). HPLC/MS analysis of solanine in physalis alkekengi and Solanum dulcamara. Farmacia, 59(2), 172-178. From https://farmaciajournal.com/arhiva/20112/art04%20-%20butnaru%20172-178.pdf
Ceha, L. J., Presperin, C., Young, E., Allswede, M., & Erickson, T. (1997). Anticholinergic toxicity from nightshade berry poisoning responsive to physostigmine. The Journal of emergency medicine, 15(1), 65-69. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467996002442
Drugs.com. (2023). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.drugs.com/npp/bittersweet-nightshade.html
Forest Service. (n.d.). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/bittersweet-nightshade.pdf
Izawa, K....Kuroda, M. (2010). Chemical Ecology. Comprehensive Natural Products II. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/solanine
Keeler, R. F., Baker, D. C., & Gaffield, W. (1990). Spirosolane-containing Solanum species and induction of congenital craniofacial malformations. Toxicon, 28(8), 873-884. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0041010190900172
KingCounty. (2018). Bittersweet nightshade identification and control. From https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/bittersweet-nightshade.aspx
Kliegman, R. M. (2020). Nonbacterial Food Poisoning. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/solanine
Kumar, P., Sharma, B., & Bakshi, N. (2009). Biological activity of alkaloids from Solanum dulcamara L. Natural product research, 23(8), 719-723. From https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/doi/abs/10.1080/14786410802267692
Milner, S. E., Brunton, N. P., Jones, P. W., O’Brien, N. M., Collins, S. G., & Maguire, A. R. (2011). Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 59(8), 3454-3484. From https://pubs-acs-org.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/doi/full/10.1021/jf200439q
Mensinga, T. T., Sips, A. J., Rompelberg, C. J., van Twillert, K., Meulenbelt, J., van den Top, H. J., & van Egmond, H. P. (2005). Potato glycoalkaloids and adverse effects in humans: an ascending dose study. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 41(1), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.09.004
North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. (n.d.). Solanum Dulcamara. From https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/
Oxbow Farm & Conservation Center. (n.d.). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.oxbow.org/conservation/resources/noxious-weeds/bittersweet-nightshade/
Plants For A Future. (n.d.). Solanum dulcamara - L. From https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+dulcamara
Trivedi, P., & Pundarikakshudu, K. (2007). Novel TLC densitometric method for quantification of solasodine in various Solanum species, market samples and formulations. Chromatographia, 65(3), 239-243. From https://link-springer-com.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/article/10.1365/s10337-006-0136-z
USDA. (n.d.). Solanum Dulcamara. Fire Effects Information System. From https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/soldul/all.html
Xu, X. H., Zhang, L. L., Wu, G. S., Chen, X., Li, T., Chen, X., ... & Lu, J. J. (2017). Solasodine induces apoptosis, affects autophagy, and attenuates metastasis in ovarian cancer cells. Planta Medica, 83(03/04), 254-260.
Medicinal Value Section
Medicinal Value Section
Drugs.com. (2023). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.drugs.com/npp/bittersweet-nightshade.html
Kumar, P., Sharma, B., & Bakshi, N. (2009). Biological activity of alkaloids from Solanum dulcamara L. Natural product research, 23(8), 719-723. From https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786410802267692
Medicinal Plants of the Northeast. (n.d.). Woody Nightshade. From http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/medicinal_plants/pages/Woody_Nightshade.html
MedicineNet. (2021). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.medicinenet.com/bittersweet_nightshade/supplements-vitamins.htm
Milner, S. E., Brunton, N. P., Jones, P. W., O’Brien, N. M., Collins, S. G., & Maguire, A. R. (2011). Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 59(8), 3454-3484. From https://pubs-acs-org.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/doi/full/10.1021/jf200439q
Plants For A Future. (n.d.). Solanum dulcamara - L. From https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+dulcamara
Trivedi, P., & Pundarikakshudu, K. (2007). Novel TLC densitometric method for quantification of solasodine in various Solanum species, market samples and formulations. Chromatographia, 65(3), 239-243. From https://link-springer-com.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/article/10.1365/s10337-006-0136-z
USDA. (n.d.). Solanum Dulcamara. Fire Effects Information System. From https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/soldul/all.html
Xu, X. H., Zhang, L. L., Wu, G. S., Chen, X., Li, T., Chen, X., ... & Lu, J. J. (2017). Solasodine induces apoptosis, affects autophagy, and attenuates metastasis in ovarian cancer cells. Planta Medica, 83(03/04), 254-260.
Edibility Section
Edibility Section
Drugs.com. (2023). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.drugs.com/npp/bittersweet-nightshade.html
General Facts Section
General Facts Section
Britannica. (n.d.). List of Plants in the Family Solanaceae. From https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-plants-in-the-family-Solanaceae-2026039
Ceha, L. J., Presperin, C., Young, E., Allswede, M., & Erickson, T. (1997). Anticholinergic toxicity from nightshade berry poisoning responsive to physostigmine. The Journal of emergency medicine, 15(1), 65-69. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467996002442
Davidson, M. M., & Conner, A. J., (2003). Solanum weeds as hosts for Phthorimaea operculella: implications for resistance management of genetically modified potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 31(2), 91-97. From https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/doi/abs/10.1080/01140671.2003.9514241
Oxbow Farm & Conservation Center. (n.d.). Bittersweet Nightshade. From https://www.oxbow.org/conservation/resources/noxious-weeds/bittersweet-nightshade/USDA. (n.d.). Solanum Dulcamara. Fire Effects Information System. From https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/soldul/all.html
Trivedi, P., & Pundarikakshudu, K. (2007). Novel TLC densitometric method for quantification of solasodine in various Solanum species, market samples and formulations. Chromatographia, 65(3), 239-243. From https://link-springer-com.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/article/10.1365/s10337-006-0136-z
USDA. (n.d.). Solanum Dulcamara. Fire Effects Information System. From https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/soldul/all.html
Date of page creation: September 23, 2022
Updated page: May 12, 2024
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse