Beginning in the late 19th century, glass tubes were used to illuminate body cavities and then later for dentistry. By the 1950s, they began to be used to transmit images and other information. They allow for transmission of information over longer distances and at higher bandwidths than electric cables.
Image Courtesy of Tim Wether
The fibers are made by drawing glass or plastic into a very thin diameter, only slightly thicker than a human hair. A core is surrounded by cladding material.
Image Courtesy of SparkFun
For signal transmission, the light is reflected inside the core of the fiber until it is emitted at the end. When used for wearable fabric applications, the fibers are perforated to allow light to leak out along the length of the fiber.