Part I: Aerodynamics Basics
1. Aerodynamics definition
2. Aerospace definition
3. Avionics definition
4. The Atmosphere - International Standards Atmosphere (ISA)
5. Newton Laws
6. Bernoulli's principle
9. Airfoil & Lift Force
8. Parts of aircraft
7. Phases of flight
10. Four forces acting on Aircraft - How does an aircraft fly?
12. Axis systems of Aircraft - lateral axis, longitudinal axis, normal axis
11. Primary control surfaces and secondary control surfaces
13. Attitude of Aircraft - pitch, roll, yaw & pitch rate, roll rate, yaw rate
14. Six degree of freedom motions of aircraft
15. air pressure - static pressure, dynamic pressure, total pressure
15. Airspeed - IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS, GS, VS, Mach number
16. Altitude - Radio Altimeter, Types of altitudes
17. Relation between altitude and pressure
18. Angle of Incidence (AOI)
19. Angle of Attack (AOA)
20. Angle of Side Slip (AOSS)
21. Bank Angle
21. Relation between AOA and Lift forces
22. Pitot tube and static port
23. Gyroscope
24. Compass
25. How does an engine works?
26. Basics of flight instruments
-> Pitot static instruments - Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator
-> Gyroscope instruments - Attitude Indicator, Heading Indicator, Turn Indicator, Turn Coordinator
-> Magnetic Compass, Gyroscopic Compass ==> heading
-> Engine instruments - N1, N2, ITT, Oil pressure, Oil Temperature indicators
28. Pilot Controls - Control stick/Control Yoke/Control wheel, Rudder Pedal, Throttle
29. Aircraft Position - Latitude, Longitude, Altitude
30. Aircraft Stability and Control
Part II: Avionics Projects
Electronic systems used for aviation are called "Avionics".
Avionics = Aviation + Electronics
Different Avionics Systems in Aircraft: smartcockpit website
1. Air Data System (ADS)
2. Flight Control System (FCS)
3. Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS)-> Auto-pilot, Auto-land, Auto-throttle, yaw damper, flight guidance
4. Flight Management System (FMS)
5. Onboard Maintenance System (OMS)
6. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) / Traffic Surveillance System (TSS)
7. Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS)
8. Weather Radar System (WXR)
9. Radio Tuning System (RTS)
10. Flight Display System (FDS) - Head Down Displays
- Primary Flight Display (PFD) format
- Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) format
- Multi Function Display (MFD) formats
* Electronic Map (E-Map)
* Vertical Situational Display (VSD)
* Electronic Charts (E-Charts)
* Electronic Checklists (ECL)
* System Synoptics
11. Head-up Guidance System (HGS) / Head Up Display (HUD) System
12. Helmet Mounted Display (HMD)
13. Monitor and Warning System (MWS)
15. Aircraft Personality Module (APM) System
16. Application License Manager (ALM) System
17. Data Concentration System (DCS)
18. Integrated Processing System (IPS)
19. Data Link Communication System (DLCS)
20. Integrated Flight Information System (IFIS)
21. Information Management System (IMS)
22. Synthetic Vision System (SVS)
23. Enhanced Vision System (EVS)
24. Surface Management System (SMS)
25. Cabin Pressurization System
26. Aircraft Security Systems
27. Interior Lighting System or Aircraft Lighting
28. Black Box - Flight Data Recorder (FDR) System & Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) System
29. Inertial Reference System (IRS) or Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS)
30. Aircraft Health Monitoring System (AHMS)
31. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) System
32. Brake Detection and Control Unit (BDCU) System
33. Electrical System
34. Flight Deck Door Surveillance System (FDDSS)
35. Electronic Engine Controller (EEC) System
36. Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) System
37. Fire Detection and Extinguishing System (FIDEX)
38. Fuel System or Fuel Quantity Computer (FQC)
39. Fuel Tank Inserting System
40. Hydraulics System
41. Integrated Air Management System (IAMS)
42. Ice Detection System
43. Landing Gear and Steering System or Landing Gear and Steering Control Unit (LGSCU)
44. Integrated Cockpit Control Panels (ICCP)
45. Slat Flap Electronic Control Unit (SFECU)
46. Tire Pressure Indicating System (TPIS)
47. Throttle Quadrant Assembly (TQA) System
48. Windshield Wiper System
49. Windshield Heater System
50. Interior Water Waste System or Water Waste System Controller (WWSC)
51. Lightning Protection Unit (LPU)
52. Wheels and Brakes System
54. Emergency Locator Transmitter System
55. Interior FDRAS System
56. Interior Surveillance Camera System
57. Interior Passenger Oxygen System
58. Interior Crew Oxygen System
59. Cabin Management System
60. Cargo Doors System
61. Passenger Doors System
62. Overwing Doors System
63. High Lift System
64. Ice and Rain Protection System
65. Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) System
66. Equipment Bay Doors System
67. Aircraft Network Switch (ANS) System
68. Portable Maintenance Access Terminal
69. Audio System
70. Integrated Clock System (ICS)
71. VHF Communication System
73. VHF Navigation System
74. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
75. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
76. Radio Altimeter
77. Display Controls
78. Cockpit Printer
79. Electronic Circuit Breaker
80. Health Monitoring Unit (HMU)
81. Standby Flight Instrumentation System (SFIS)
82. Global Positioning System (GPS)
avionics ==> aviation + electronics
40% to 50% cost ==> avionics
International Standards Atmosphere (ISA)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
layers of atmosphere : https://www.shutterstock.com/search/troposphere
air pressure w.r.t altitude
air temperature w.r.t altitude
air density w.r.t altitude
•Pressure of 1013.2 millibar - Pressure is taken to fall at about 1 millibar per 30 feet in the lower atmosphere (up to about 5,000 feet).
•Temperature of +15 °C - Temperature falls at a rate of 2 °C per 1,000 feet until the tropopause is reached at 36,000 feet above which the temperature is assumed to be constant at -57 °C. (The precise numbers are 1.98 °C, -56.5 °C and 36,090 feet)
primary control surfaces:
elevator - pitch - up down (nose up down)
ailerons - roll - left right (wings rotate left right)
rudder - yaw - left right (nose left right)
secondary control surfaces:
slats - lift
spoilers
flaps
trim tabs
pitch, roll, yaw - aircraft attitude
aircraft height from ground - altitude
Airspeed:
pitot tube - static port ==> total pressure, static pressure, dynamic pressure.
https://www.cfinotebook.net/notebook/avionics-and-instruments/airspeed-indicator
mach number = airspeed / speed of sound in air.
Speed of sound in ideal gases and air — At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 metres per second (1,125 ft/s; 1,235 km/h; 767 mph
Flow Angle Parameters: Angle of Attack (AOA) & Angle of Side Slip (AOSS)
Angle of Incidence (AOI)
Bank Angle
http://www.aviationchief.com/angle-of-attack.html (AOA) - chord line and relative wind
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_(aerodynamics) (AOSS) - longitudinal axis and relative wind
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(aerodynamics) (AOI) - chord line and longitudinal axis
http://www.roboticmagazine.com/drones/bank-angle-drone (Bank Angle)
stall condition: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33805
AOA impact on Lift.
Stall condition. (Lift zero)
How does aircraft fly?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F077WDnB8P8
How does engine work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjiUUJdPGX0
https://interestingengineering.com/how-a-jet-engine-works