Lab 4 focused on investigating the behavior and characteristics of diode limiting and clamping circuits. The primary objective was to understand how these circuits modify input waveforms by either restricting voltage peaks (limiting) or shifting the signal’s baseline (clamping) using DC bias. The experiment was divided into key sections: first, constructing and analyzing diode limiting circuits to observe how they limit voltage; and second, building clamping circuits to observe how they shift the signal with and without a bias voltage. Each part of the lab involved measuring the output waveform, identifying voltage limits, and analyzing the effects of clamping on the waveform’s DC level.