Embedded Files
Boundaries or procedures are manipulated to entrench power regardless of majority will.
Why It Matters
Destroys the principle of equal representation.
Creates unaccountable “safe seats.”
Reduces competitive debate and responsiveness.
Tell-Tale Signs
Districts or voting groups drawn with bizarre shapes.
Rules changed suddenly before major decisions.
Majority outcomes consistently out of step with popular vote.
Examples Across Levels
Local: Bylaws revised to give board presidents extended terms.
State: Legislative maps drawn to dilute opposition votes.
Federal: Senate rules modified to accelerate or block appointments.
Countermeasures
Independent boundary commissions.
Rule changes requiring supermajority consent.
Transparency in rulemaking with public comment.
Related Patterns
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