CHAPTER I

Adhesives are known as substance that capable of bonding surfaces permanently or temporarily. This can be made from natural or synthetic components. There are different kinds of adhesive that function differently in applying to different materials but to characterize it in general, it has load carrying capacity, different chemical composition, reactivity when applied to material and its different consistency form. Every materials should have an adhesive that purposely work effectively.

The researcher will be working to formulate the three plant sap as a combination for eco-adhesive that includes Chrysophyllum cainito sap, Carica papaya sap, and Araucaria heterophylla resin which are found in the Philippines. This study aims to formulate an eco-adhesive where it uses natural resources together with based ingredients that are included for the formulation. The three plant sap would be a good component for this eco-adhesive research. Eco-adhesives are made with natural resources and natural ingredients that can help to have a better environment, can help the country’s economy, and improve the uses of the natural resources.

This study aims to test the efficacy of eco-adhesive using different plant sap. Specifically, this research aims to determine the following questions:

1. What is the effectiveness of eco-adhesive from different plant sap based on

a. Glue-up test;

b. Heat and humidity test?

2. How much amount of plant sap will be combined for eco-adhesive?

3. Which specific material/s is the eco-adhesive applicable to?

a. Paper to paper

b. Paper to plastic

c. Paper to polystyrene foam

d. Paper to wood

e. Paper to fabric

4. Is there any significant difference among the treatments in terms of the glue-up test result?

Null Hypothesis = There is no significant differences on bonding strength of each treatment with base ingredients mixed with different plant sap.

Alternative Hypothesis = There are significant differences on bonding strength of each treatment with base ingredients mixed with different plant sap.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework / Theoretical Framework

This research aims to test the effectiveness of different plant sap from Chrysophyllum cainito, Carica papaya, and Araucaria heterophylla tree as eco-adhesive. The materials needed are available in Polomolok, South Cotabato. This eco-adhesive are needed to applied into different materials such as paper to paper, paper to plastic, paper to polystyrene foam, plastic to wood, and plastic to fabric to test its efficacy. The product required to undergo two methods of testing such as glue-up test and heat and humidity test with four treatments and three replicates each treatment. The duration of the research will last up two months from June to August.

The significance of this study is for the people mentioned below:

For the community/society, is to make use of the natural resources such as different plant sap which includes Chrysophyllum cainito sap, Carica papaya sap, and Araucaria heterophylla resin as eco-adhesive that cannot harm the environment.

For the school, is to make them explore and widen their knowledge about the uses of plant sap because of its adhesive property to be an eco-adhesive.

For the students, is to make them aware and think that there is a possibility of different plant sap as eco-adhesive.

For the future researchers, to give them ideas and recommendations about the efficacy of these different plant sap that are combined which present its right amount of mixture to be applied in a specific material and to be an additional source of their related review.

Adhesive

Adhesive is a substance that is used for sticking materials together as what Collin’s Dictionary stated.Operationally, adhesive is to be formulated from different plant sap such as Chrysophyllum cainito sap, Carica papayasap, and Araucaria heterophylla resin.

Bonding Strength

In chemistry, bonding strength can be explained as the strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together (Corrosionpedia, 2020). Operationally, it is defined as the strength that proves that the eco-adhesive used is holding the two surfaces of the materials together.

Consistency

Consistency is defined as the physical nature of substance that defined according to Cambridge Dictionary. Operationally, it means that the plant sap has different properties of consistency as well as strength in order to perform as an adhesive.

Eco-friendly

According to Cambridge Dictionary, eco-friendly is defined as a design that can’t damage the environment. In operational definition, eco-friendly means that the product is made from natural resources that cannot harm the environment such as different plant sap.

Efficacy

The capacity or ability to give a desired effect. It is how well it works or brings the results you hoped for is the definition if efficacy according to Merriam Webster. Operationally, efficacy is the ability of different plant sap to be formulated as an eco-adhesive and how it will work to a certain materials.

Glue-up test

Glue-up test is a process that presents the bonding capability of adhesives to substrates and help determine and evaluate the setting speed (Davis, 2021). In the research, the operational definition of glue-up test is to perform a method in which it must be observed how the eco-adhesive sets successfully to a material and evaluate the condition of the material.

Heat and humidity test

Theoretical definition of heat and humidity test is a test conducted to help measure the amount of curl between the glue and a substrate (Davis, 2021). In operational term, it is defined on how well a bond will hold. The research uses this method of testing which the materials applied with eco-adhesive must be placed in a room temperature area for twenty-four hours to determine, observe and evaluate on what happen to the materials being bonded.

Plant sap
Sap is a fluid that found in the vacuoles of the plants according to Merriam Webster. In operational term, it is use to go on with a process called extraction in order to be collected to formulate eco-adhesive. It has properties that is able to work as an adhesive.