In Part 1 we began by looking at examples in the Word about who initiated monogamous and polygamous marriage and the marital status Jesus and the Apostle Paul preferred for Christians called to His service. Conclusion: Stating that the God of the Bible has called a Christian man to take a second wife is logically inconsistent with the biblical record that God has not called a man to have/take even one wife, if he can help himself; and, Of the very few times God Himself has ever specifically directed a man in the Bible to take a mate, 100% of those examples have been monogamous.
In Part 2, we considered the nature of God as revealed through Jesus Christ. Conclusion: Christ revealed an attitude of enormous value placed upon women, children, and all the oppressed people of our cultures and societies. These revelations solidly made the case that polygamous marriages belong to the old patriarchal model of times before men and women could be made new creations in Christ. Such times tolerated and regulated the already existing double standards of a hard-hearted, developing society which subjugated women and children and elevated men above women in a way that the image and Son of God simply does not.
Revisit one or both of those sections in the PNM Unit here or by visiting our web archive here.
We’ve already established that there are no recorded instances where the God of the Bible has explicitly directed a man or a woman to enter into a polygamous marriage arrangement. We’ve seen that the Lord Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit writing through the Apostles have never encouraged any of their followers to get married, although they have that right (1 Corinthians 9:5) and it has never been nor should be forbidden (1 Timothy 4:3), but God would actually prefer we remain celibate (Matthew 19:10; 1 Corinthians 7:8) so we can focus on the work of the Lord without distraction (1 Corinthians 7:32-35), not have to suffer even more in the face of persecution (1 Corinthians 7:26), and avoid the troubles that married life guarantees (1 Corinthians 7:28). This promise to the married is that “they will have trouble” and it is easy enough to infer that if there’s two it will be double.
The first mention of marriage, according to Jesus, is in the Garden of Eden when we see God giving Eve to Adam. This sets up a pattern of monogamy-normative, heterosexual-normative life-long bonding relationships that Jesus feels comfortable appealing to as the way God intended things to be and function for married men and women from the beginning. A few generations later, the biblical record introduces us to the first recorded polygamous marriage.
Genesis 4:17 “Cain made love to his wife, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Enoch. Cain was then building a city, and he named it after his son Enoch. 18 To Enoch was born Irad, and Irad was the father of Mehujael, and Mehujael was the father of Methushael, and Methushael was the father of Lamech. 19 Lamech married two women, one named Adah and the other Zillah. 20 Adah gave birth to Jabal; he was the father of those who live in tents and raise livestock.21 His brother’s name was Jubal; he was the father of all who play stringed instruments and pipes. 22 Zillah also had a son, Tubal-Cain, who forged all kinds of tools out of[c] bronze and iron. Tubal-Cain’s sister was Naamah. 23 Lamech said to his wives,“Adah and Zillah, listen to me; wives of Lamech, hear my words. I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for injuring me. 24 If Cain is avenged seven times, then Lamech seventy-seven times.”
So here we see the first recorded divergence from that monogamous marriage pattern established by God in the Garden. Whose idea was it to for Lamech to take two wives? It doesn’t explicitly say but there is strong circumstantial evidence that Lamech was not a man in right relationship with God. Here are the strikes against him:
He’s a descendant of Cain, the first murderer, whose descendants were not righteous enough to survive the Flood,
He’s followed in his great-great-great Grandpa Cain’s footsteps and became a murderer because a young man injured him. Whether in self-defense or out of premeditated revenge or in a fit of temper in the heat of the moment, it doesn’t say, but his appeal to Cain’s defense from the avenger of blood indicates it was probably not an accident,
Jewish historical tradition attests to Lamech’s extremely poor character. The Jewish (non-messianic) Women’s Archive states:
Now, these traditions are not Scripture and must be taken with some measure of skepticism, especially because one of the traditions later on makes the historical error that Lamech, son of Cain, and Lamech, son of Seth, are actually the same person when they cleary are not (for more on that, see here). Nevertheless, the Jewish tradition of Lamech as a man comfortable with female subjugation, drug use, polygamy for sexual gratification (as opposed to surrogate necessity), and harlotry serve as decent evidence that this polygamous union was definitely not God-ordained or God-initiated.
We’ve already seen that the first recorded polygamous relationship in the Bible didn’t look a lot like Jesus, even though the progeny from those unions brought two distinct blessings to mankind (Genesis 4:20-21) but how were the other big polygamous relationships from the biblical record characterized?
Abram’s father’s family in Ur of the Chaldeans contained polygamists.
They were also idolators and they were so far from Him that God chose to call Abram and Sarai out from among them rather than begin His grand plan of blessing them with a family and descendants from the doorstep where they already lived comfortably. We don’t have a record of what married life was like for them, but we can probably get a good idea by considering any other polytheistic, idol worshipping, polygamy practicing nations that we know about today. Idol worship and any of the religion-based things that go along with those cultures are definitely not God’s idea. In short, nothing about the Chaldeans of Ur should be expected to look like Jesus.
Abram became a sort of polygamist when he took Hagar to be a surrogate mother on behalf of Sarai.
There’s no record that he ever had intercourse with Hagar again after she’d conceived, however, and whenever God Himself referred to Hagar in Genesis He refused to call Hagar his wife. Then, the Holy Spirit went so far as to write Hagar and Ishmael figuratively out of Abraham’s will when He told Abraham to “Take your son, your only son—yes, Isaac, whom you love so much—and go to the land of Moriah. Go and sacrifice him as a burnt offering on one of the mountains, which I will show you” (Genesis 22:2). Before all that happened, what was the nature and characteristic of their family life once Hagar was added with Sarai’s consent and at Sarai’s own request? Genesis 16-22 reveals this union began with using Hagar as property (there is no record of Sarai ever asking Hagar’s permission) in the hopes of sexual surrogacy which led to:
sorrow,
enmity,
rivalry,
hatred,
physical assault resulting in Hagar being driven away with Abram’s consent but forced to return for the sake of her young child,
continued intense rivalry and hatred between children (even continuing to this day when we consider Israel & Islam) and,
eventual ‘divorce’ and separation of the second union and the child by that union.
There is nothing on that list looks, sounds, or feels like Jesus except perhaps the one instance of God returning Hagar and baby Ishmael to the care of her mistress until he was old enough to fend for them himself. Even in that, their return to her mistress in and of itself was not any particular emotional blessing based on the hatred Sarai held for them but only a testament to the warped social structure and inequitable limits placed on women, particularly mothers without formal attachment to a male in that culture.
Jacob, a deceitful scoundrel who tricked his hungry brother out of his birthright, not yet a man called Israel, through his wives had children who became the patriarchs of the great nation of Israel.
What was their home life like once Jacob decided to not to reject Leah but also to pursue Rachel even after he’d already been tricked into marrying Leah? Reading the biblical record in Genesis we find, clearly stated on the lines of the text:
Intense and bitter rivalry between sisters,
slavery resulting in sexual surrogacy introducing two other servants into Jacob’s harem which only ended up increasing rather than alleviating the rivalry between sisters,
the first wife resorting to bribery and purchasing sexual encounters like a prostitute,
lack of love, hatred even, for the first wife, and between wives,
mockery,
pride,
antagonistic behaviour between wives,
deceit and trickery in order to favour one’s own biological children over the others,
intense rivalry and hatred between the children resulting in:
conspiracy to commit first degree murder,
physical assault,
human trafficking into slavery and,
decades long lies to maintain the duplicity of the brothers.
I don’t recognize anything that resembles anything from God as recognized by Proverbs 19:7 or Proverbs 30:5 there until we later read about the forgiveness of Joseph (a monogamist, by the way) and the rescuing of Jacob’s family from famine. Before that there is nothing perfect, nudging someone to conversion, nor anything wise, nor pure, there is nothing that in any way protects or lifts up the oppression of the women or children in this family’s history or conduct.
King David was polygamous.
Yes, he was a man after God’s own heart but he clearly had not obtained it when it came to parenting or being a husband. His family was so dysfunctional that one of his sons made sure to publicly rape 10 of his “stepmothers” on the rooftop while his father was away. Interestingly, after that David had no more intercourse with those women and they lived as widows the rest of their days, while he continued to protect and provide for their needs. He looked like Jesus when he worshipped but apparently he reverted to a workaholic, deadbeat dad when the music faded whom some of his children hated so much that they actively plotted his political and physical downfall.
In terms of marital choices that look, sound, and feel like Jesus, King David demanded reconciliation with his first wife, Michal, even though she had been married to another man in his absence. The sorrow of her second husband at this, however, is another testament to the destructive emotional carnage of polygamous relationship structures. David’s choice to continue to care for and provide for the needs of his secondary wives which had been raped is also a fair indication of the character of Christ. He seems to have changed his mind (an attribute of repentance) about continuing in polygamy with them yet he knew that his society would not provide adequately for them if he sent them away. So King David chose celibacy where they were concerned while still providing them their own house and the food, clothing, protection that being connected to a man in that society afforded. This is a noble trait and a wise example for repentant polygamists living in cultures which legalize it, having a similar social structure that denies women and children basic rights.
Solomon followed in his father’s polygamous ways to the nth degree.
Although Solomon was the wisest man who ever lived (before Jesus) and he apparently had the great love of his life as his bride (see Song of Solomon), he ended his life in depression, idolatry and sin because his lust led him to multiply wives in defiance of the Lord’s command against that very thing, embracing the beliefs of the idolatrous women he was addicted to, and the one son that is mentioned in biblical records, Rehoboam, looked nothing like one who was raised “in the nurture and admonition of the LORD” and despised the wisdom of his father’s counsellors so much that the first thing he did was replace them with his younger buddies. His decisions led to rebellion and the splitting of Israel, but this itself was a prophetic consequence of Solomon’s polygamy: According to 1 Kings 11:1-13, Solomon had broken the mandate of the Law (Deuteronomy 17:17) by marrying many wives, on top of that he continuously broke the prohibition against marrying foreign women (Deuteronomy 7:3) and as happened just as God said it would, he was influenced by them, worshipping and building shrines to the Moabite and Ammonite gods. We read in 1 Kings 11:
9 So the Lord became angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned from the Lord God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice, 10 and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods; but he did not keep what the Lord had commanded. 11 Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, “Because you have done this, and have not kept My covenant and My statutes, which I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom away from you and give it to your servant. 12 Nevertheless I will not do it in your days, for the sake of your father David; I will tear it out of the hand of your son. 13 However I will not tear away the whole kingdom; I will give one tribe to your son for the sake of My servant David, and for the sake of Jerusalem which I have chosen.”
Rehoboam's mother, Naamah, was an Ammonitess, and thus one of the foreign wives whom Solomon married. It does not appear that she was his first wife, although she was the only woman of his 1000+ consorts that was named in biblical record. Solomon appears to have turned from the Lord shortly after receiving the wisdom he’d asked of Him and building the Lord’s temple. He seems to have relied on his own wisdom to direct the course of his life even from shortly before that time forward. At the finishing of the temple we see that Solomon has already taken his first mentioned wife, the daughter of Pharaoh, which historical record characterizes as a political move that greatly benefited the kingdom of Israel but nevertheless was in a direct violation of several of the explicit commands of the God of Israel concerning both foreign marriages in general and relations with the Egyptians in particular.
Solomon seems to be deliberately refusing to marry any women of Israel because he identifies that “no wife of mine” can dwell in the city of David because it is holy (and by implication they are not!). Read more on that in the books of Kings and Chronicles and also in this fascinating article. Finally, Solomon's polygamy causes his heart to depart completely from the Lord, yet God restrains His hand of righteous judgment for the sake of his father, King David, and brings the consequences through Solomon's son, David’s grandson, instead. Such a declaration makes one wonder whether Solomon entered eternity and was carried to Abraham’s Bosom (see Luke 16:19-31) or Hades, the place where the rich man, guilty of much less than Solomon in Jesus’s account, was eternally separated and in torment! As for the end of his life on Earth, we know that Solomon because of his idolatry, which was directly connected to his polygamy, was the last ruler of a united kingdom of Israel.
There are only three children recorded in the Bible to have come from Solomon’s harem of 1000+ women. The three prevailing explanations for this are that:
These children, though born to the highest leader of the land of Israel, were so insignificant to biblical and political events during that time that they were not even worthy of mention, although the bible is full of seemingly insignificant and unknown names in the rest of its genealogies,
Solomon and his wives are explicitly stated to have been active in worshipping Molech and other false gods who demanded child sacrifice, so these children were burnt on the altar of Molech in tribute to these demons (or more on that see this eye-opening article). OR,
Solomon and/or most of his wives were struck with infertility and barrenness such that he was able to produce only three children out of all the dalliances with the thousands of women with whom he consorted over the years. We see a similar judgement against unlawful polygamy in the account of Sarai being betrothed to the King of Gerar (Genesis 20).
Nymphomania, idolatry, depression, infertility, child sacrifice, and disunity so vast it ripples out on a national scale doesn’t look, sound, or feel like Jesus. Solomon was known far and wide for his wisdom yet he chose his wisdom over the Lord’s command in order to craftily use his acquisition of wives to ally Israel with many powerful political regimes, including Egypt. Even the Queen of Sheba was in awe of what Solomon had accomplished and accumulated, but guess what we have no record of anyone ever walking away trying to emulate nor claiming was an amazing example of the blessing and wisdom of God on his life? His harem.
In order to embrace polygamy as a relationship style which is endorsed by God for His people to follow today, one must believe in the kind of god which elevates the status, desires, and needs of certain members of human society over those of other members on the basis of external criteria. One must also believe in the kind of god that knowingly initiates and endorses relationship dynamics that result in despair, hatred, violence, enmity, strife, and lasting familial conflict in every recorded case. As we have established in Parts 1 & 2, that kind of god is simply not the same as the God of the Bible, as revealed through God the Son, Jesus, the Messiah.
The end result of every single polygamous relationship we see in the Word of God is that it was initiated because of sin, caused sin to abound, and provided the consequences of sinful disobedience. It was never initiated by God nor blessed by God in any of the cases we can read about. Furthermore, this relationship dynamic in every case does none of the things that a “one-off” command or initiated situation from God will do except perhaps get the participants to kick themselves for being so foolish and thus provide the potential to lead the couple to repentance where possible as we saw with King David and his 10 concubines, or cause them to wish to leave that stressful, sinful lifestyle, as we saw with Hagar & Sarah.
We see this same pattern for all polygamous families whether in the Word or in our modern day. The only group of people who look at a polygamous family and think “Oh, good idea!” are the following three kinds of people listed in this drop down menu...
the kind of men who see the sexual, familial, political, and economic potential to be gained by adding another wife and are willing to ignore the feelings of others and even the commands of God in order to obtain those benfits for themselves;
the kind of women who believe they cannot find an acceptable husband of their own or on their own and are willing to ignore the feelings of others and even the commands of God in order to connect themselves to an available man; or
the deceived members of false religions that teach that their god demands such things of the women and children who serve it and must therefore serve “its men” in whatever way it prescribes.
Do you honestly believe that the God of the Bible, whom you say you know, is guiding you to embrace such an arrangement that has been shown not to have originated as God’s idea, never to have been initiated at God’s direction, and yields the number zero on the only litmus test that really matters ‘does this look like, sound like, or feel like’ Jesus Christ, the invisible image of the visible God of the Bible?
Research of non-Christian polygamy also indicates that this relationship structure is deleterious to the health and well-being of the people involved (for more information on that, see here). Even atheist unbelievers who regularly engage in other sexual sins (including other forms of adultery!) look at those who engage in polygamous marriage (if they themselves are not already sexually broken and conditioned towards polyamory themselves) with disdain, disgust, and disbelief.
When your unbelieving friends and neighbours find out about what you’re putting your wife through so that you can have another wife and THEY agree with your Christian friends to call that shameful and a sin, you can know with absolute certainty that you’ve stumbled upon an idea that looks NOTHING like Jesus!
If you call yourself a Christian, then you will turn tail and run from that thing like the devil himself is pursuing you because that’s the one who these relationships resemble for every individual except the lucky fool who gets extra troubles, extra sex, free childcare and housecleaning, additional companionship, and more buying power in exchange for a damaged reputation and a sickening witness for the god who loves your ease and comfort and pleasure and all that you represent as a man, more than he loves the women and children he’s supposedly giving you. The one who suggests this for your family may have come to you like an angel of light but I promise you that his real name is not Jesus Christ.
You may wish to point out that monogamous marriages are also stressful (the bible says there’ll be trouble) and not a bed of roses, either. Many monogamous marriages are full of abuse, addiction, sexual perversion, and strife. These things are true. However, can you claim that such marriages that are full of those things are populated by radical, sold out, born again believers living the way God intended for disciples of Christ to live? Certainly not in the case of both spouses, if at all.
So we see that broken people create broken marriages, regardless of relationship style. But when we want to see the kind of relationship that GOD says truly brings Him glory, one that is perfect, and pure, brings others closer to conversion, and is a shield and refuge for the simple, the weak, and the oppressed we must look no further than God Himself.
Ephesians 5 admonishes a husband to love his wife “as Christ loved the church and gave Himself for her” (singular). A man who loves like Jesus, married to a woman who loves like Jesus, will exhibit a marriage made in Heaven and give hope and truth to their neighbours, friends, and family. This brings glory to God and this kind of marriage must be monogamous, as we’ve seen, or it fails the test.
Let me ask you this, if you have an unbelieving wife, is she reeling that you, who are supposed to be a Christian, is even asking this of her? Or if you have a believing wife, is she petitioning the Lord to change your heart, open your eyes, and free her and this other woman from the oppression and shame of the polygamous marriage arrangement you’re proposing (or already living against her express wishes because it’s more about you than it is about her)? Do those pleas fall on deaf ears? I wonder what possible motivation you would have to ignore them. Don’t say God told you to because if you’ve read this with a humble heart you now know that’s just not true.
Humbly consider the following: