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Rutin is a bioflavonoid.
Its pure form is yellow or yellow-green coloured, needleshaped crystal.
It is a flavonol glycoside containing quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose (rhamnose and glucose).
Rutin is found in many plants, fruits, and vegetables, and the chief source is buckwheat.
It is also found in citrus fruits, noni, black tea, and apple peel. R
Rutin mostly metabolised quercetin (its aglycone part) during digestion.
Rutin has strong antioxidant properties.
It can also chelate metal ions, such as iron, thereby reducing the Fenton reaction (production damaging oxygen radicals).
It can stabilise vitamin C (ascorbic acid), thus on administering together, vitamin C activity will be strengthened.
Rutin strengthens the capillaries, thus is helpful in people who bruise or bleed easily.
It has been proved to be effective in preventing venous oedema (an early sign of chronic venous disease of the leg).
Rutin has anti-inflammatory and healing properties.
Rutin can inhibit some cancerous and pre-cancerous conditions.
It can prevent atherogenesis and reduce the cytotoxicity of oxidised LDL cholesterol.
It is used as a capillary fragility factor
It is also extracted from the Leaves of buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum belongs to the family Polygonaceae.
Isolation:
Method 1:
Coarsely powdered drug of buckwheat is first defatted with n-hexane.
Then extract the marc with alcohol (78%) for 60 minutes.
Filter the solution and evaporate the solvent.
The obtained dried residue is dissolved in a sufficient quantity of acetone (30%).
Filter the solution and evaporate the filtrate to one-fourth of its original weight.
Then add a sufficient quantity of borax solution (5%) until pH 7.5 with continuous shaking.
Then add enough quantity of solid sodium chloride with stirring.
Filter the solution and acidify it with phosphoric acid to lower the pH 5.5.
Stir the solution for 15 minutes and filter it.
Wash the residue with sodium chloride (20%) solution.
Again filter the solution and evaporate the filtrate to 50°C to one-fourth of its original volume.
Then add hydrochloric acid in hot conditions to lower the pH to 1.5.
Cool the solution and kept in the refrigerator overnight.
Rutin crystals will separate out, be collected and dried.
Melting point: 242°C.
Buckwheat
Thin layer chromatography of Rutin:
1% methanolic solution of rutin is spotted on silica gel-G plates.
The plates were eluted in a solvent system of n-butanol- glacial acetic acid and- water (3.6: 0.5: 0.5).
The plates were dried and isolated compound detected under UV cabinet at 366nm.
Isolation:
Method 2:
20gm of powdered Ginkgo biloba (leaves and stem bark) is extracted with 250ml of 80% ethanol until exhaustion in a Soxhlet apparatus.
The obtained extract is filtered and evaporated under vacuum till the volume comes down to 10ml.
To this residue, 25ml water is added.
The mixture is extracted with petroleum ether followed with chloroform.
After extraction, the aqueous layer is collected and left undisturbed in a cold place for 3 days.
A yellow precipitate separates out of the solution, which is filtered and washed with a combination of chloroform : ethyl acetate : ethanol (50:25:25).
The undissolved part of the precipitate is dissolved in hot methanol and filtered.
The filtrate is evaporated to dryness to obtain 100mg yellow coloured powder (rutin), and its melting point is measured
Identification Test:
1. Shinoda test: Add few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid and magnesium powder in 2 ml of sample solution. An orange, pink, red or purple colour develops.
2. Add sulphuric acid in sample solution shows deep yellow colour or orange colour.
3. A yellow precipitate is formed when test solution is mixed with lead acetate.
Rutin can be analysed by the following two techniques:
TLC:
The isolated rutin is compared with standard rutin using TLC method.
An aluminium sheet coated with silica gel G is used as the stationary phase with Ethyl acetate: butanone: formic acid: water (50:30:10:10), Ethyl acetate:formic acid:acetic acid:water (100:11:11:27) as the mobile phases.
Paper Chromatography:
Whatman No.1 filter paper is used as a stationary phase and acetic acid : water (15:85) and isopropyl alcohol : water (60:40) are used as mobile phases.
Spectrophotometric Analysis:
The isolated rutin is dissolved in methanol and its UV radiation absorption peaks are determined and compared with standard rutin. The IR spectrum of the isolated rutin is determined using KBr disk methodology
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