•Clusters are based on the descriptive similarities of the disorders in each of the clusters

•Can be diagnosed with more than one personality disorder, tendency for personality disorders within the same cluster to co-occur 

•If symptoms overlap, you may get a “Not Otherwise Specified dx”)

•

•Cluster A: Traits related to

•Distorted thinking and social withdrawal

•Social awkwardness

•Discomfort in interpersonal relationships

•Emotional distancing, isolation, distrust, and suspicion

•Restricted emotional expression

•Interpretation of intentions of others as negative

Paranoid Personality Disorder: without evidence, individuals believe someone is out to get them, steal from them, deceive them, etc. Impacts ability to socialize and participate in various activities 

Schizoid Personality Disorder: extreme introvert, and often have little emotional range or affect; decreased eye contact

Schizotypal Personality Disorder: difficulties with socializing, coupled with delusions, possible that it is premorbid schizophrenia

•Cluster B: Traits related to:

•Dramatic, emotional, erratic thinking

•Problems with impulse control

•Difficulty with emotional regulation or response

Antisocial PD: feel they are important and lack regard for others, often violating the rights of others. May manipulate others to get what they want without any remorse. (often follows a conduct disorder dx); criminal activity may occur

Borderline PD: patients often are in crisis and therefore make up a large amount of those who are hospitalized. Making frantic, sometimes manipulative, attempts to avoid real or perceived abandonment. Intense emotional reactions, poor impulse control, and rigid thinking lead to poor self concept, limited stability; cannot tolerate being alone, chronic feelings of emptiness/boredom

Narcissistic PD: a lack of empathy, coupled with need for admiration and grandiose behavior. Often exaggerate accomplishments/successes, may exploit others for personal gain

Histrionic PD: extreme emotional reaction to not having attention on them; primarily in females; endless need for reassurance 

•Cluster C: Traits related to a high level of anxiety

•Avoidance of interpersonal interactions and circumstances

•Feeling the need to be taken care of and tend to be passive

•Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism

Avoidant PD: avoid social situations and are hypersensitive to criticism; avoid socializing because they are fearful of rejection or embarrassment; social phobia common 

Dependent PD: extreme fear of separation that leads to being submissive or “clingy” to others; attachment, may tolerate abuse and be in an abusive relationship 

OCPD: NOT the same as OCD – those with OCD have insight. Those with OCPD do not, and perseverate on small nuances of situations that impact their ability to make a decision or complete a task

cite PPT

-Mood disorders: an umbrella term encompassing conditions ranging from extreme mood of sad, unpleasant to elevated, elated moods of mania

cite PPT

Types of episodes

Manic

Hypomanic

Depressive

cite PPT

Audience: Client

Diagnosis(es)/Condition(s) & Age Range/Population: Mood disorders - any age

Purpose: Support coping and resilience to motivate the client to get through ADLs and occupations by having gratitude for what they have in life.

Instructions:

1. discuss what occupations the client has difficulty engaging in

2. Practice thinking of looking for or discussing what the client sees or has that they are grateful for.

3. An example can be "I ate a nice meal today ... I'm living like a king!"

4. Discuss how the client feels after and what occupations they can use this to help motivate them with initiation of tasks.

Rationale & Impact on Function: Clients with mood disorders may have difficulty with initiating tasks.