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22.10. 2020. Тема: Будівельні матеріали. Класифікація.
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Text A. Modern Building Materials: Classification
Materials are solid substances of which manufactured products are made. A variety of materials are used in different products. Basic types of materials range from wood, which has been used for thousands of years, to composite materials, which are still under development.
Materials belong to two groups: (1) natural materials and (2) extracted materials. Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and wool, are used much as they occur in nature. Extracted materials, such as plastics, alloys (metal mixtures), and ceramics, are created through the processing of various natural substances.
Natural materials generally are used as they are found, except for being cleaned, cut, or processed in a simple way that does not use much energy. Natural materials include stone and biological materials.
Certain types of rock are extremely strong and hard, and are therefore used as building stone. There are two types of building stone—crushed stone and dimension stone.
Biological materials are substances that develop as part of a plant or animal. Common plant materials include wood and various fibers such as cotton. Animal materials include leather and fibers such as wool.
Wood is a valuable biological material because of its strength, toughness, and low density. These properties make wood an excellent material for thousands of products, including houses, sailboats, furniture, baseball bats, and railroad ties. Extracted materials are created through processes that expend a great deal of energy or alter the microstructure of the substances used to make the materials.
Extracted materials include ceramics, metals and their alloys, plastics, rubber, composite materials, and semiconductors.
Ceramics include such everyday materials as brick, cement, glass, and porcelain. These materials are made from mineral compounds called silicates, including clay, feldspar, silica, and talc.
People have used such metals as copper, gold, iron, and silver for thousands of years to make various practical and decorative objects. Today, metals are important in all aspects of construction and manufacturing.
Plastics are synthetic materials made up primarily of long chains of molecules called polymers. There are two basic types of plastics: (1) thermosetting plastics (usual called thermosets) and (2) thermoplastics.
Rubber is made up of elastomers, polymers that stretch easily to several times their length and then return to their original shape.
Engineers may artificially combine various materials to create a new composite material. Many composite materials contain a large amount of one substance to which fibers, flakes, or layers of another substance are added.
Semiconductors are materials that conduct electricity better than insulators, but not as well as conductors, at room temperature. (2483)
Ex.1. Read the following international words and guess their meaning.
Mind the stress.
materials manufacture product type composite group substance nature plastics
energy biological process micro-structure metal mineral silicate practical object
construction synthetic molecule polymer elastomer original electricity temperature
Ex.2. Memorize the following pairs of derivatives:
V→N Adj→Adv
to create – creation original - originally
to construct – construction primary – primarily
to add – addition easy – easily
to alter – alteration artificial – artificially
to insulate - insulation
to include – inclusion
to occur –occurrence
to contain – container
to conduct – conductor
Ex.3. Transform as in the models.
Model 1: to include stone – the inclusion of stone
to create a new composite material, to construct a building, to occur in nature, to alter the microstructure, to add another substance
Model 2: a sudden appearance – to appear suddenly
an easy stretch, an artificial combination, a primary mixture.
Ex. 4. Match English and Russian equivalents.
1. solid substances a. извлеченные материалы
2. natural materials b. колебаться в пределах
3. to return to the original shape c. твердые вещества
4. dimension stone d. минеральные соединения
5. extracted materials e. содержать большое количество
6. to range from f. вернуться в исходную форму
7. mineral compounds g. природные материалы
8. to contain a large amount h. штучный камень
Ex.5. Choose the right word or word-combination:
1. Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and … are used much as they occur in nature.
a) alloys b) wool c) plastics
2. Biological materials are substances that … as part of a plant or animal
. a) are formed b) grew c) develop
3. Wood is a valuable biological material because of its strength, toughness, and low….
a) stiffness b) density c) creep
4. Plastics are synthetic materials made up primarily of … called polymers.
a) long chains of molecules b) mineral compounds c) biological materials
5. Engineers may artificially combine various materials to create a new composite material. a) primarily b) easily c) artificially
Ex.6. Complete the sentences.
1. Basic types of materials range from wood to …. 2. Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and wool, are used much as they… 3. Certain types of rock are extremely strong and hard, and are therefore used as …. 4. These properties make wood an excellent material for thousands of …. 5. Today, metals are important in all aspects of … 6. People have used such metals as copper, gold, iron, and silver for thousands of years to make
Ex.7. Insert the right words: (develop, cement, electricity, thermoplastics, are used, processes, various natural substances)
1. A variety of materials … in different products. 2. Extracted materials, such as plastics, alloys and ceramics, are created through the processing of…. 3. Biological materials are substances that … as part of a plant or animal. 4. Extracted materials are created through … that expend a great deal of energy or alter the microstructure of the substances used to make the materials. 5. Ceramics include such everyday materials as brick, …, glass, and porcelain. 6. There are two basic types of plastics: (1) thermosetting plastics and (2) … 7. Semiconductors are materials that conduct … better than insulators, but not as well as conductors, at room temperature.
29.10.2020. Тема: Властивості матеріалів.
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Properties of Materials
Manufacturers determine which material to use for a given product by evaluating properties (qualities) of materials. Some properties can be linked with a material's macrostructure (structure visible to the unaided eye). Other properties are explained by a material's microstructure (structure that can be seen only through a microscope). The properties of materials are determined by their internal structure—that is, the way in which the fundamental parts of the materials are put together. At the most basic level, properties of materials are determined by chemical bonds, forces that attract atoms to one another and hold them together.
Materials scientists study how the structure of materials relates to their properties. A large part of their work involves experimentation.
Scientists group the properties of materials according to various functions that must be performed by objects made of the materials. Most properties of materials fall into six groups: (1) mechanical, (2) chemical, (3) electrical, (4) magnetic, (5) thermal, (6) optical.
Mechanical properties are critical in a wide variety of structures and objects—from bridges, houses, and space vehicles to chairs and even food trays. Some of; the most important mechanical properties are (1) stiffness, (2) yield stress, (3) toughness, (4) strength, (5) creep and (6) fatigue resistance.
Stiffness measures how much a material bends when first subjected to a mechanical force.
Yield stress measures how much force per unit area must be exerted on a material for that material to реrmanently deform (change its shape).
Toughness measures a material's resistance to cracking. The tougher a material, the greater the stress necessary to break that material near a crack.
Strength measures the greatest force a material can withstand without breaking. A material's strength depends on many factors, including its toughness and its shape
. Creep is a measure of a material's resistance to gradual deformation under a constant force.
Fatigue resistance measures the resistance of a material to repeated applications and withdrawals of force.
Chemical properties include catalytic properties and resistance to corrosion.
Electrical properties are important in products designed either to conduct (carry) or block the flow of electric current.
Dielectric strength describes a material's response to an electric field.
Magnetic properties indicate a material's response to a magnetic field—the region around a magnet or a conductor where the force of magnetism can be felt. Thermal properties reflect a material's response to heat.
Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts heat.
1. What are the properties of materials linked with?
2 .What do materials scientists study?
3. How many groups of properties do the materials scientists distinguish and what are they?
4. Does creep belong to mechanical properties of materials?
5. Could you define major mechanical properties of materials?
6. What do chemical and electrical properties of materials include?
7. Why is it important to study magnetic and thermal properties of materials?
05.11.2020. Будівельні матеріали: дерево, бетон.
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Wood
Wood has many characteristics that make it an important construction material. It can be easily shaped with tools and fastened with nails, screws, staples, and adhesives. It is light but strong. Wood provides insulation against electricity, heat, cold, and sound. It can hold paint and other finishes, and it does not rust like metal construction materials. Wood is a renewable resource.
Some of the chief wood structural materials are round timbers, lumber, plywood, veneer products, and particle board.
Round timbers include pilings, poles, and posts. Pilings are driven into the ground as foundations for buildings. Poles link overhead telephone wires and power lines. Posts are used chiefly to build fences.
Lumber includes boards and larger pieces of wood that have been sawed from logs. The construction industry uses about 50 per cent of the lumber manufactured. We can classify lumber as softwood or hardwood. Softwood lumber comes from needle leaf trees that are also called evergreens or conifers. It is used primarily for structural work because of its straightness and length. Softwoods include pine, larch, fir, cedar. Hardwood lumber comes from trees that lose their leaves every autumn. They are widely used for flooring, furniture and paneling. Popular hardwoods include birch, maple, oak, walnut, and mahogany.
Plywood consists of a number of thin sheets of wood called veneers that are glued together. Veneer products include beams that support ceilings and floors.
Particle board is made from wood shavings, flakes, wafers, splinters, or sawdust left over in sawmills. This wood is mixed with an adhesive and pressed at a high temperature and pressure to form large panels. Particle board shrinks and swells very little in length and width.
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, water, and aggregates. Aggregates are materials such as sand, gravel, crushed rock, and blast furnace slag The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates into a rocklike mass as the paste hardens. Builders generally use both a fine aggregate such as sand, and a coarse aggregate such as crushed rock, to make concrete. The aggregates must be free from silt, mud, clay, dust, and other materials that might weaken the concrete. The water used to make concrete should also be free from dirt and other impurities.
Concrete is highly fire-resistant, watertight, and comparatively cheap and easy to make. When first mixed, concrete can be molded into almost any shape. It quickly hardens into an extremely strong material that lasts a long time and requires little care.
Nearly all skyscrapers and factories and many homes stand on concrete foundations. These buildings may also have concrete frames, walls, floors and roofs. Concrete is used to build dams to store water and bridges to span rivers. Cars and trucks travel on concrete highways, and airplanes land on concrete runways.
Major kinds of concrete include (1) reinforced concrete, (2) prestressed concrete, and precast concrete.
Reinforced concrete is made by casting concrete around steel rods or bars. The steel strengthens the concrete. Almost all large structures, including skyscrapers and bridges, require this extra-strong type of concrete.
Prestressed concrete usually is made by casting concrete around steel cables stretched by hydraulic jacks. After the concrete hardens, the jacks are released and the cables compress the concrete. Concrete is strongest when it is compressed. Steel is strong when it is stretched, or in tension. In this way, builders combine the two strongest qualities of the two materials. Prestressed concrete beams, roofs, floors, and bridges are often cheaper for some uses than those made of reinforced concrete.
Precast concrete is cast and hardened before being used for construction. Precasting firms make concrete sewer pipes, floor and roof units, wall panels, beams, and girders, and ship them to the building site. Precasting makes possible the mass production of concrete building materials. Nearly all prestressed concrete is precast.
06.11.2020. Граматика : узгодження часів.
Переглянути відео та опрацювати.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VncY4fSyOqo
Записати правила з прикладами.
grammarway.com/ua/sequence-of-tenses
Виконати письмово завдання.
1. Продовжте речення у непрямій промови, дотримуючись правила узгодження часів.
Н-р: He said, “I work in New York.” (Він сказав: «Я працюю в Нью-Йорку.») – He said that he … . (He said that he worked in New York. – Він сказав, що працює в Нью-Йорку.)
She said, “I speak French.” – She said that she …
She said, “I am speaking French.”
She said, “I have spoken French.”
She said, “I spoke French.”
She said, “I am going to speak French.”
She said, “I will speak French.”
She said, “I can speak French.”
She said, “I may speak French.”
She said, “I have to speak French.”
She said, “I must speak French.”
She said, “I should speak French.”
She said, “I ought to speak French.”
Виберіть вірний варіант дієслова
I knew that my sister … (have/has/had a problem.
I know that my sister … (have/has/had a problem.
I knew that my sister … (will have/would have/had a problem soon.
He said he … (lived/has lived/had lived) in Moscow since 2005.
She asks me if the flight … (has been cancelled/had been cancelled/been cancelled).
She asked me if the flight … (has been cancelled/had been cancelled/was cancelled).
Nobody knew what … (will happen/would happen/happens) next.
Mike said that he … (hasn’t met/didn’t meet/hadn’t met) Helen since they parted.
Kelly said that she … (didn’t want/doesn’t want/hadn’t wanted) to wear her hat.
We didn’t expect that he … (showed/will show/would show) us the film.
11.11.2020. Тема: Метал. Пластик.
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METALS
Iron and steel are the world's cheapest and most useful metals. These hard, durable metals are used in making thousands of products, from paper clips to automobiles.
The word iron can refer to both an element and a number of alloys of iron and other metallic elements. As an element, iron is one of the most common chemical substances, but it is never found in pure form. Almost all iron occurs in ores, though some meteorites also contain iron. The properties of any kind of iron depend largely on the chemical composition of the alloy. Heating and shaping the metal can greatly change its physical properties. Manufactures use iron alloys in the manufacture of so-called iron products.
Cast iron is any iron alloy that contains from 2 to 4 per cent carbon and from 1 to 3 per cent silicon. Because of its high carbon content, solid cast iron cannot be shaped, no matter how hot it is heated. This kind of iron is made into useful objects by pouring the liquid metal into molds and letting it harden. Cast iron's hardness, low cost, and ability to absorb shocks make it an important construction material.
Steel is produced by refining iron and alloying it with other metals. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction. Aluminum is the oldest and best known light metal. It is the most plentiful metallic element in the earth's crust and the third most common of all the elements, after oxygen and silicon. But unlike some other metals, such as gold and silver, aluminum is always chemically combined with other elements.
Aluminum, with its alloys, has such valuable properties as light weight, strength, corrosion resistance, electrical conduction, heat conduction, light and heat reflection.
The world construction industry uses more aluminum than any other metal except iron and steel. It is very suitable for framing members in building and prefabricated housing, for window frames and for the skin of the building in curtain-wall construction. Aluminum is also used in such items as utters, panels, residential roofing, tubes for electric wires.
PLASTICS
Plastics are man-made materials that can be shaped into any form. They are one of the most useful materials ever created. Engineers have developed plastics that are as rigid as steel or as soft as cotton. They can make plastics that are any color of the rainbow - or as clear and colorless as crystal. Plastics can be rubbery or rigid, and they can be shaped into an endless variety of objects. Plastic products often have a useful life of many years.
But why are the chemists so enthusiastic about plastics? Plastics are rapidly becoming important synthetic materials because of their great variety, strength, durability and lightness. A synthetic product must necessarily be both better and cheaper in order to justify its manufacture. This is essentially true of the various plastics when compared to the material they are to replace.
Since plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material together with good insulating properties, and are fireproof as well, it is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add color and attractiveness to modern homes and offices. Engineers have created hundreds of different plastics, 6 each with its own properties. They have developed plastics that can replace metals, natural fibers, paper, wood and stone, and glass and ceramics. For example, plastic siding does not dent as easily as that made of aluminum. Plastic pipes are lightweight and easy to cut and join. Moreover, they do not corrode like metal pipes. Plastic wall tiles, bathtubs, and sinks are less fragile, cheaper and easier to install than ceramic ones. Plastics are also used to make insulating foam that blocks the flow of heat and sound. Foamed plastics have very low compressive and tensile strength. They can be used between two layers of a hard surface material, such as a metal or plywood, to create a laminated sandwich panel with high stiffness. Laminated panels are used as floors, partitions and exterior walls in building. Nowadays, builders are using plastics in almost any part of a building from the foundation to the final coat of paint.
Personal Information 1.
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What’s your name and surname?
2. How old are you?
3. Where are you from? Where do you live?
4. What kind of school did you study at? (What kind of college did you finish?)
5. Did you serve in the army?
6. Are you married or single?
7. Have you got a family? 8. What does your father (mother) do?
9. What’s your job?
10. Why have you made up mind to enter the BNTU?
11. What year student are you?
12. What department do you study at?
13. Are you a part-time student at the Belarusian National Technical University? 14. What will your future speciality be?
2. Task 2. Make up your own topic according to the model.
My name is Victor Petrov. I am 22 years old. I was born in Minsk. At the age of 18 after leaving the secondary school I served in the army for two years. When I returned from the army I went to work as a welder in a building company. I’m married. My wife is studying at the Belarusian National Technical University. She will work with heating and cooling equipment in two years. My father is an architect. My mother works as a teacher at the Engineers and Teachers’ Training Department. My uncle graduated from the Transport Communications Department. He is participating in the construction of the Minsk Ring Automobile Road. He is successful at his work, I’ve made up my mind to get university education too. First of all, it is our family tradition and I’d like to follow it. Now I am a first year student of the Engineering Department. My practical experience will help me to make my career. I’m a part-time student at the Belarusian National Technical University My speciality deals with Concrete Structures and Units Manufacturing. I hope to become a highly qualified engineer.
12.11.2020. Тема: Основні компоненти будівництва.
Перегляньте та опрацюйте відео за посиланням.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSamrfRhoKY&list=RDCMUC7p8asnpomjWSHz6nyj3Sig&start_radio=1&t=6
Виконати письмово завдання.
Text a Building Construction
Building Construction is a procedures involved in the erection of various types of structures. The major trend in present-day construction continues away from handcrafting at the building site and toward on-site assembly of ever larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured away from the site.
Another characteristic of contemporary building, related to the latter trend, is the greater amount of dimensional coordination; that is, buildings are designed and components manufactured in multiples of a standard module (10 cm being standard in the U.S.), which drastically reduces the amount of cutting and fitting required on the building site. A third trend is the production or redevelopment of such large structural complexes as shopping centers, entire campuses, and whole towns or sections of cities.
Words and expressions
structure
construction
assembly
site
dimensional coordination
Exercise 1
Дайте відповіді на запитання:
How do we call procedures involved in the erection of various types of structures?
What is the difference between handcrafting at the building site and on-site assembly of prefabricated parts?
What later trend characteristic of contemporary building do you know?
What is the advantage of the building components manufactured in multiples?
What innovation in the construction industry drastically reduces the amount of cutting and fitting on the building site?
Is it common in present day construction industry production and redevelopment of huge projects? Name some of such huge projects.
What is the difference between production and redevelopment in construction industry?
How do you understand the procedure of redevelopment of whole towns and sections of cities?
Exercise 2
Вставте слова за змістом ,використовуючи текст:
The procedure of the erection of various types of structures is called … .
The major trend in present-day construction continues away from … at the building site.
On-site assembly of larger, more integrated … manufactured away from the site is one of the major trends in construction industry today.
Another characteristic of contemporary building is the greater amount of … coordination.
Dimensional coordination means that buildings are designed and components manufactured in … of a standard module.
… drastically reduces the amount of cutting and fitting required on the building site.
Third major trend in contemporary building is the production or redevelopment of … complexes.
Exercise 3
TRUE or FALSE
1.Building Construction is a procedure involved in the erection of continuous production lines.
2.The major characteristics in present-day construction is handcrafting at the building site.
3.Larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured are usually manufactured at construction site.
4.Another characteristic of 19-th century building construction was the greater amount of dimensional coordination.
5.Application of dimensional coordination means that buildings are designed and components manufactured in multiples of a standard module.
6.Dimensional coordination drastically increases the amount of cutting and fitting on the building site.
7.An important present day characteristic in the construction industry is the production or redevelopment of large structural complexes.
8.Large structural complexes include: hospitals, schools, kindergartens and shops.
25.03.2021. Тема: The House.
Прочитайте та перекладіть текст усно.
Виконайте завдання після тексту письмово.
From the History of Building
Man has always been a builder. The first houses in different countries of the world were made of wood. In other regions the most convenient building material was stone.
The ancient Egyptians erected temples, palaces. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat because there was very little rain in Egypt. Egyptian builders gave the world the column which has played an important part in the history of building. Most of the buildings of old times were based upon the column and beam method of construction.
The Greeks built a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. The Romans added the arch, thus increasing strength and beauty to their buildings. Since the middle Ages, brickwork has been in constant use everywhere.
In our country architecture flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. The churches of the time were strong buildings with thick walls and small windows.
During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. The use of precast concrete is a very advanced construction technique. Nowadays houses are often built of complete concrete structural units which are factory-made and assembled on the spot.
since the middle ages –
a flat roof –
a slanting roof –
the column and beam method of construction –
an arch –
a brickwork –
precast concrete –
Завдання № 2. Закінчити речення.
Most of the buildings of old times were based upon …
a) concrete structural units
b) the use of steel
c) the column and beam method of construction
Завдання № 3.Дати відповіді на питання до тексту
1. Did ancient people use wood or bricks to build their houses?
2. What kinds of buildings did the ancient Egyptians erect?
3. What method of construction was used for most of the buildings of old times?
4. Why did the Greeks build a slanting roof?
5. What building materials are used nowadays?
01.04.2020. Тема: Town Planning.
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Town planning
The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual. The new development absorbs or modifies an existing environment, and so before it can be designed it is necessary to find out about that environment. It is also necessary to do research of population growth, the distance from work to home, the preferences for different types of dwelling, the amount of sunshine in rooms, the degree of atmospheric pollution and so on. After the survey is complete a forecast of future development is made in the form of a map: the master plan or development plan. The plan of the city must be flexible so that it may extend and renew its dwellings, reconstruct its working places, complete its communications and avoid congestion in every part.
The plan is never a complete and fixed thing, but one that is continually being adapted to the changing needs of the community for whom it is designed. The flexible plan, preceded by a survey, is one of the most revolutionary ideas that man has ever had about the control of his environment.
Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern as follows: a central core containing the principal shopping centre, business zones, surrounded by suburbs of houses. Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the preparation of a master plan they are preoccupied with the definition of the town centre, industrial areas, and the areas of housing; the creation of open space for recreation, the laying down of a pattern of main roads which run between the built-up areas.
The master plan thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town, but though the master plan is a diagram, and even a flexible one, it is the structure upon which all future development is to take place.
forecast –
a master plan –
congestion –
a pattern –
suburbs –
housing –
recreation –
Завдання № 2. Закінчити речення.
Before a town plan is designed, it is necessary...
a) to renew and extend the dwellings
b) to make a forecast of future development in the form of a map
c) to find out about existing environment
Завдання № 3. Дати відповіді на питання.
1. What is the purpose of a town plan?
2. When is a forecast of future development made?
3. Why must the plan of the city be flexible?
4. Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern, haven't they?
5. What does the master plan define?
08.04.2021. Тема : Технологія збірних будинків.
Переглянути відео .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHOC0ZaZErE
Зробити конспект за поданим відео.
Опрацювати матеріал,записати нову лексику.
Prefabricated construction is the practice of assembling a variety of components of a structure at a manufacturing site and transporting those sub-assemblies to the location of the construction jobsite. Prefabricated construction is sometimes thought of as a low-end and mass produced mode of construction. In reality however, it is quite the opposite. Prefabricated construction is becoming more common, improving in quality and has become available in a variety of budgets. Despite the perception of prefabrication, there are numerous benefits to this type of construction. This article assesses the advantages that prefabricated construction presents for both businesses and customers.
Eco-Friendly
Modular construction is often commended for energy efficiency and sustainable construction. Traditional construction methods require extra materials that lead to increased waste. However, since prefabricated sub-assemblies are constructed in a factory, extra materials can be recycled in-house. This is a considerable improvement over sending waste directly to a landfill from a traditional construction site. Also, the controlled environment of a factory allows for more accurate construction, tighter joints and better air filtration, which in turn allows for better wall insulation and an increase in energy efficiency. For more on the benefits of green technology in the construction industry click HERE.
Financial Savings
One of the greatest advantages of prefabricated construction would be financial savings. Although the perception of custom-made pieces may seem expensive, with prefabricated or modular construction, this is not the case. Modular construction targets all budgets and price points, creating an affordable option. Prefabrication manufacturers often receive bulk discounts from material suppliers which then trickles down to the cost of a construction project. Modular construction also sidesteps the possibility of unreliable contractors and unproductive staff. Additionally, the reduction in construction time can significantly save on construction financing costs.
Flexibility
Modular construction can be easily be disassembled and relocated to different sites. This significantly reduces the demand for raw materials, minimizes expended energy and decreases time overall. Also, modular construction allows for flexibility in the design of the structure allowing for a limitless number of opportunities. Since prefabricated construction units can be used in different spaces, its neutral aesthetics is able to blend in with almost any building type.
Consistent Quality
Since prefabricated construction occurs in a controlled manufacturing environment and follows specified standards, the sub-assemblies of the structure will be built to a uniform quality. Construction site-built structures are dependent upon varying skill levels and the schedules of independent contractors. These all contribute to the craftsmanship and overall quality of given structure. With prefabrication, each sub-assembly is built by an experienced crew in a weather-resistant factory, with multiple quality checks throughout the entire process. Some components of the building are constructed using precise machine equipment to ensure conformity to building code.
Reduced Site Disruption
Since many components of a building are completed in the factory, there is significantly less truck traffic, equipment and material suppliers around the final construction site. This limits the disruption of traditional jobsites that suffer from noise, pollution, waste and other common irritants. This streamlined approach to construction provides a far more efficient atmosphere for productivity, and eliminates unnecessary distractions and interference that are typical of construction sites.
Shorter Construction Time
Portable construction takes significantly less time to build than on-site construction. In many instances, prefabrication takes less than half the time when compared to traditional construction. This is due to better upfront planning, elimination of on-site weather factors, subcontractor scheduling delays and quicker fabrication as multiple pieces can be constructed simultaneously. Shorter construction times allows construction companies to take on multiple projects at once, allowing businesses to grow rather than putting all their focus and resources on one or a few projects at a time.
Safety
Since sub-assemblies are created in a factory-controlled environment utilizing dry materials, there is less risk for problems associated with moisture, environmental hazards and dirt. This ensures that those on the construction site, as well as a project’s eventual tenants are less likely to be exposed to weather-related health risks. Also, an indoor construction environment presents considerably fewer risks for accidents and other liabilities. There are strict factory processes and procedures that protect the worker from on-the-job injury. At a construction site, although safety is of utmost importance, workers are subjected to weather-related conditions, changing ground conditions, wind and other crew members who are at the site.
Final Thoughts
With the continued popularity of prefabricated construction, it is likely that it will only continue to grow in popularity. Customers who choose this option are able to enjoy a high quality, quicker, cost-effective, and eco-friendly construction method. Furthermore, construction companies may soon increase their investment in modular construction processes, benefiting both their business and customer relationships. Prefabricated construction is proving to be an extremely viable option, and as manufacturing technology continues to improve, expect to see its benefits and advantages rise in the future.
15.04.2021. Тема: Граматичні вправи.
Опрацювати поданий матеріал.
Зробити конспект.
Виконати вправи.
Тривалі часи (Continuous Tenses)
Поняття про тривалі часи
1. Часи групи Continuous вживаються для вираження дії як процесу, тобто дії, що триває в момент мовлення або в теперішній період часу (the Present Continuous), тривала в якийсь момент або період часу в минулому (the Past Continuous), триватиме у певний момент або період часу в майбутньому (the Future Continuous).
2. The Continuous Tenses утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to be у відповідній часовій формі (Present, Past, Future) та дієприкметника теперішнього часу (Present Participle) основного дієслова.
3. Present Participle утворюється додаванням закінчення -ing до інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to. 4. Дієслова, що закінчуються в інфінітиві на -e, втрачають його перед -ing:
to give — giving
to make — making
5. У дієсловах, що закінчуються в інфінітиві на приголосний з попереднім коротким наголошеним голосним, перед закінченням -ing кінцевий приголосний подвоюється:
tu run — running
to sit — sitting
to begin — beginning
6. Якщо дієслово закінчується буквосполученням -іе, то перед -ing, ie змінюється на y:
to lie — lying
to die — dying
Утворення теперішнього тривалого часу (The Present Continuous Tense)
1. Стверджувальна форма the Present Continuous утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to be в особовій формі (am, is, are) i Present Participle основного дієслова:
He is reading a newspaper now. — Він зараз читає газету.
2. Для утворення питальної форми допоміжне дієслово (am, is, are) ставиться перед підметом:
Is he reading a newspaper now? — Він зараз читає газету?
3. Для утворення заперечної форми після допоміжного дієслова (am, is, are) ставиться частка not:
Не is not (isn't) reading a newspaper now. — Він зараз не читає газету.
Уживання теперішнього тривалого часу (The Present Continuous Tense)
1. The Present Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення. Наявність слів, що позначають момент мовлення (now зараз; at this moment у цей момент), не обов'язкова, оскільки сама форма вказує, що дія відбувається в момент мовлення.
Who is reading a book in that room? — Хто читає книжку в тій кімнаті?
2. The Present Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, що відбувається в теперішній час.
She is writing a new book. — Вона (зараз) пише нову книгу.
3. Для вираження запланованої дії у найближчому майбутньому:
We are going to the theatre tonight. —. Ми йдемо в театр сьогодні ввечері.
4. Для вираження наміру:
I'm going to spend ту holidays in the Crimea. — Я збираюся провести канікули в Криму.
5. У Present Continuous не вживаються дієслова to see, to know, to hear, to feel, to want, to like, to understand та деякі інші.
Утворення і вживання минулого тривалого часу (The Past Continuous Tense)
1. Форми the Past Continuous утворюються аналогічно до форм the Present Continuous, але допоміжне дієслово to be ставиться у формі the Past Indefinite (was, were):
2. The Past Continuous вживається для вираження дії, що тривала в певний момент у минулому. Цей момент може бути визначений:
а) точним позначенням часу, наприклад, at that moment у той момент; at that time у той час, at 7 o'clock yesterday вчора о 7-й годині:
At 7 o'clock we were listening to the radio. — О сьомій годині ми слухали радіо.
Не was not reading a journal at that moment. — Він не читав журнал у топ час.
б) іншою минулою дією, вираженою у the Past Indefinite:
It was raining when I went out. — Коли я вийшов, ішов дощ.
3. Потрібно чітко розрізняти вживання the Past Continuous і Past Indefinite.
Утворення та вживання майбутньго тривалого часу (The Future Continuous Tense)
1. Форми the Future Continuous утворюються аналогічно до форм the Present Continuous, але до допоміжного дієслова to be додається will. Цей час вживається не дуже часто.
2. Майбутній тривалий час означає тривалу дію в майбутньому: at five o'clock, at that (this) time, at noon (дія відбуватиметься в певний час у майбутньому):
At this time tomorrow my mother will be waiting for me at the school gate. — Завтра у цей час моя мати буде чекати на мене біля шкільних воріт.
They will be translating the text from two till four. — Вони перекладатимуть текст з другої до четвертої години.
3. У розмовній мові замість shall not і will not вживаються скорочені форми shan't і won't:
I shan't be speaking.
4. Певний момент у майбутньому може позначатися точною вказівкою на час або іншою майбутньою дією:
At 10 o'clock we shall be watching a TV program. — Ми будемо дивитися телевізійну програму о десятій годині.
І shall be working when you come back. — Я буду працювати, коли ти повернешся.
Complete the sentences
1. His dad and brother __ (cycle) to the shops.
2. We __ (not travel) in Japan.
3. I __ (sunbathe) on the beach.
4. She __ (not watch) TV.
5. They __ (not swim) in the sea.
6. Sue __ (stay) at home today.
Write the questions and the short answers
1. your dad / work / today /?
__
Yes, __
2. you / have a good time / on holiday / ?
__
Yes, __
3. your mum / cook dinner / now / ?
__
Yes, __
4. your friends / play football / ?
__
Yes, __
Complete the dialogues
1. a. I´m going on holiday.
b. Where __ ?
2. a. He's cooking dinner.
b. What __ ?
3. a. My sister is going to England.
b. Who __ ?
4. a. We aren't staying in a hotel.
b. Where __ ?
Complete the sentences
A.
1. I __ (watch) a reality show on TV.
2. My favourite team __ (win)!
3. Someone __ (swim) in the sea.
4. Two people __ (cook) dinner on the beach.
5. We __ (not watch) a soap opera.
6. I __ (not do) my homework.
7. Mum __ (read) a magazine.
8. My brother __ (not listen) to the radio.
9. Dad __ (not cook) dinner.
10. Tara __ (talk) by phone.
11. Joe __ (play) on the computer.
12. Who __(watch) TV?
13. Tina __ (do) grammar exercises.
14. I __ (eat) a pizza.
15. We __ (sit) in the classroom.
16. I __ (not write) an email.
17. Amy __ (not go) to school today.
18. We __ (not have) fun today.
19. My team __ (not win) the match.
20. My parents __ (drive) to work now.
21. __ they __ (read) magazines? Yes, they are.
22. __ you __ (learn) English? Yes I am.
23. __ Helen __ (write) a letter? No, she isn't .
24. __ Sarah __ (play) the guitar? Yes, she is.
25. We __ (not play) basketball.
B.
1. Trina __ (walk) past the supermarket.
2. Where are you? We __ (wait) for you!
3. I´m on a bus and it __ (not move).
4. When __ you __ (come) to see me?
5. I __ (sit) on a bus.
6. Pete's mother __ (not have) a burger.
7. John's friends __ (play) football at the Sports Centre.
8. My best friend __ (sit) next to me.
9. I __ (not wear) something blue.
10. My teacher __ (not stand) behind me.
C.
1. I __ (learn) how to swim.
2. I __ (eat) my lunch.
3. I __ (watch) television.
4. She __ (read) a book.
5. Dad __ (bake) a cake.
6. My sister __ (listen) to music.
7. Petya __ (clean) his car.
8. The dog __ (bark) in the garden.
9. We __ (sing) our favourite song.
10. My brother and I __ (play) a computer game.
11. The teachers __ (show) us a film.
12. They __ (bring) a TV in the classroom.
13. She's bored. Her friend __ (watch) TV again.
14. Martin's excited. Chelsea __ (win) the match.
15. I´m scared. A big dog __ (stand) in front of me.
16. She's happy. She __ (not work) today.
17. I´m worried. It __ (rain) and I haven't got an umbrella.
18. The teacher is annoyed. We __ (not listen).
19. What __ you __ (wait) for? I´m __ (wait) for John.
20. __ it __ (snow)? No, it __ (rain).
21. What __ you __ (do) today? We __ (go) to the park.
22. __ you __ (listen) to me? No, I __ (listen) to the radio.
23. __ you __ (watch) TV? No, we __ (study).
24. What __ you __ (do)? I __ (do) my homework.
25. __ they __ (sleep)? Yes, they are.
Complete the sentences
1. His dad and brother __ (cycle) to the shops.
2. We __ (not travel) in Japan.
3. I __ (sunbathe) on the beach.
4. She __ (not watch) TV.
5. They __ (not swim) in the sea.
6. Sue __ (stay) at home today.
Write the questions and the short answers
1. your dad / work / today /?
__
Yes, __
2. you / have a good time / on holiday / ?
__
Yes, __
3. your mum / cook dinner / now / ?
__
Yes, __
4. your friends / play football / ?
__
Yes, __
Complete the dialogues
1. a. I´m going on holiday.
b. Where __ ?
2. a. He's cooking dinner.
b. What __ ?
3. a. My sister is going to England.
b. Who __ ?
4. a. We aren't staying in a hotel.
b. Where __ ?
Complete the sentences
A.
1. I __ (watch) a reality show on TV.
2. My favourite team __ (win)!
3. Someone __ (swim) in the sea.
4. Two people __ (cook) dinner on the beach.
5. We __ (not watch) a soap opera.
6. I __ (not do) my homework.
7. Mum __ (read) a magazine.
8. My brother __ (not listen) to the radio.
9. Dad __ (not cook) dinner.
10. Tara __ (talk) by phone.
11. Joe __ (play) on the computer.
12. Who __(watch) TV?
13. Tina __ (do) grammar exercises.
14. I __ (eat) a pizza.
15. We __ (sit) in the classroom.
16. I __ (not write) an email.
17. Amy __ (not go) to school today.
18. We __ (not have) fun today.
19. My team __ (not win) the match.
20. My parents __ (drive) to work now.
21. __ they __ (read) magazines? Yes, they are.
22. __ you __ (learn) English? Yes I am.
23. __ Helen __ (write) a letter? No, she isn't .
24. __ Sarah __ (play) the guitar? Yes, she is.
25. We __ (not play) basketball.
B.
1. Trina __ (walk) past the supermarket.
2. Where are you? We __ (wait) for you!
3. I´m on a bus and it __ (not move).
4. When __ you __ (come) to see me?
5. I __ (sit) on a bus.
6. Pete's mother __ (not have) a burger.
7. John's friends __ (play) football at the Sports Centre.
8. My best friend __ (sit) next to me.
9. I __ (not wear) something blue.
10. My teacher __ (not stand) behind me.
C.
1. I __ (learn) how to swim.
2. I __ (eat) my lunch.
3. I __ (watch) television.
4. She __ (read) a book.
5. Dad __ (bake) a cake.
6. My sister __ (listen) to music.
7. Petya __ (clean) his car.
8. The dog __ (bark) in the garden.
9. We __ (sing) our favourite song.
10. My brother and I __ (play) a computer game.
11. The teachers __ (show) us a film.
12. They __ (bring) a TV in the classroom.
13. She's bored. Her friend __ (watch) TV again.
14. Martin's excited. Chelsea __ (win) the match.
15. I´m scared. A big dog __ (stand) in front of me.
16. She's happy. She __ (not work) today.
17. I´m worried. It __ (rain) and I haven't got an umbrella.
18. The teacher is annoyed. We __ (not listen).
19. What __ you __ (wait) for? I´m __ (wait) for John.
20. __ it __ (snow)? No, it __ (rain).
21. What __ you __ (do) today? We __ (go) to the park.
22. __ you __ (listen) to me? No, I __ (listen) to the radio.
23. __ you __ (watch) TV? No, we __ (study).
24. What __ you __ (do)? I __ (do) my homework.
25. __ they __ (sleep)? Yes, they are.
Put the verbs into the correct form (future I continuous)
A.
1. Roma __ (to come) to the party on Saturday.
2. They __ (to meet) him tomorrow.
3. This time next week he __ (to fly) to Moldova.
4. At 7 o'clock on Saturday they __ (to sing) the new song.
5. It __ (probably/to rain) when I reach Berdichev.
6. Tomorrow at ten I __ (to write) a test.
7. Sveta __ (to watch) a video when I arrive tonight.
8. You __ (to eat) pizza soon.
9. She __ (to sleep) when you telephone her.
10. They __ (to arrive) in Kiev just about now.
B.
1. At midnight we __ (sleep).
2. This time next month we __ (sit) at the beach.
3. At nine I __ (watch) a film.
4. Tonight we __ (get) ready for our English test.
5. They __ (dance) all evening.
6. He __ (not / play) all day.
7. I __ (not / work) all afternoon.
8. __ (eat / you) at seven?
9. __ (drive / she) to Odessa?
10. __ (fight / they) again soon?
30.09.2021.м
30.09.2021.Тема: Пряма та непряма мова.
Переглянути відеоурок та записати новий лексичний матеріал .
2.Опрацювати граматичний матеріал та зробити конспект.https://cambridge.ua/uk/blog/pryamaya-i-kosvennaya-rech-v-anglijskom-yazyke-pravila-obyasneniya-primery/ .
3. Виконати вправи 1-4 та надіслати на електронну пошту.http://poradu24.com/english/vpravi-na-pryamu-i-nepryamu-mova-v-anglijskij-movi.html
.