Dynamics

Dynamics define how loud (forceful) notes should be played. There are two basic dynamics levels: piano and forte which are marked as p and f. Other levels are derived from these two. All the levels are shown here: 

• ppp = “piano pianissimo” which in English means “gently as possible” 

• pp = “pianissimo” which in English means “very gently”

• p = “piano” which in English means “gently”

• mp = “mezzo piano” which in English means “moderately gently”

• mf = “mezzo forte” which in English means “moderately strong”

• f = “forte” which is English means “strong”

• ff = “fortissimo” which is English means “very strong”

• fff = “forte fortissimo” which is English means “strong as possible”  

A crescendo is marked with a hairpin or is written as “crescendo” or the abbreviation “cresc.”. It indicates that the dynamics level should be increased gradually over time. A decrescendo (diminuendo) is marked with a hairpin or is written as “decrescendo” (“diminuendo”) or the abbreviation “decresc.” (“dim.”). It indicates that the dynamics level should be decreased gradually over time. The next figure shows a crescendo and decrescendo hairpin. “Crescendo” in English means “growing” while “decrescendo” means “diminishing”.

Figure: A crescendo and decrescendo hairpin

An accent is marked with > over a notehead and indicates that this note should be played accented (i.e. stronger than the neighboring notes).

Figure: An accent

“Morendo” (or “Smorzando”) indicates that both the dynamics level and tempo should be decreased gradually over time. They are often found in the closing passages of music. “Morendo” in English means “dying” while “smorzndo” means “fading”.