12.2 Program Design

All of the content covered in the lessons is available in the text books, under Chapter 12.2. The file resources below are for use in the lessons

Lesson resources for Structure Charts

Lesson resources for State-Transition Diagrams (STDs)


A structure chart conveys:

    • The sequence

    • Parameters that are passed between modules (procedures, etc). These parameters form the module interface

    • Any iteration and/or selection

    • The hierarchy of modules




ByRef and ByVal Examples

While technically not part of 2.1.2, they are used extensively in procedures, and as structure charts use procedures, they are covered here too.


A much more comprehensive example is as follows: