9. Gaseous exchange

1. Core content

Distinguish between cellular respiration, breathing and gas exchange. The need for gas exchange.

• Requirements of efficient Gas Exchange Organs:

- large surface area

- thin

- moist

- well ventilated

- protected

- transport system.

• Human Gas Exchange:

The structure (macro and tissue level), location, adaptations and functioning of the ventilation system:

- trachea

- epiglottis

- bronchi

- bronchioles

- lungs

- ribs

- intercostal muscles

- diaphragm

- alveoli.

Ventilation of the lungs:

- gaseous exchange in alveoli;

- the transport of gases around the body;

- gaseous exchange in tissues; and

- composition of inspired air vs. expired air- analyse data.

Brief mention of the homeostatic control of breathing.

• Diseases and abnormalities: causes symptoms and treatment of TB in South Africa. (Link to biodiversity - microorganisms)

Brief study of other respiratory diseases:

- asthma

- hay fever

- bronchitis

- emphysema

- lung cancer.

The effects of smoking on gaseous exchange. Smoking legislation in South Africa.

• Brief mention of artificial respiration and the effect of mouth to mouth resuscitation.

• The effects of altitude on gaseous exchange, e.g., the performance of athletes in Johannesburg versus Durban or Cape Town.