There are so many different language and language families in the would it would take for ever to count them. This page will help you break them down.
Each language can be identified into a specific language family. Also the language families can be traced back to an original sources. There are some languages which have not relationship to any other know language e.g. Basque (Euskara) spoken in Spain and Ainu (アイヌ イタク / Aynu itak) which is spoken in Japan. there are many other languages which have their own unique families.
The Indo-European languages are a very interesting group of languages and can be split into many different families. All the languages of this group are spoken in Europe , Asia, Americas and Africa. The source of this interesting group of languages can be traced back to around Iran and India area of the world, for example, Sanskrit, Hittite, Ancient Greek, Latin. There are over 6 language families which come under the Indo-European languages and each of them has about 3 sub families.
This language family is part of the Indo-European languages and can be split in to Eastern, Northern and Western Germanic Languages. Like Latin is root of all the Romance language Gothic and Old Norse are the parents of all the modern Germanic Languages.
EASTERN GERMANIC LANGUGAES
This group includes Gothic, Vandalic, Crimean Gothic and Burgundian. All of these languages are now extinct. The most well know of these languages os Gothic.
NORTHERN GERMANIC LANGUAGES
This language group can be split into Old Norse, Old East Norse and Old West Norse. these languages then became the modern day North Germanic languages
Old East Norse became Danish and Swedish.
Old West Norse became Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese and the both extinct Norn languages ( Shetland, Orkney) and Greenlandic Norse.
WESTERN GERMANIC LANGUAGS
This group can be split in to the Low Franconian languages both east and west, these include Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian.and Limburgish and Flemish and the Dutch dialects and Low German or Low Saxon.
The Old High German language split into Central and Upper German and Yiddish developed out of Old High German.
Then there is the Central German languages which includes Luxembourgish, Ripuarian, Thuringian and Standard German
There is another group of Germanic languages called the Upper German which include Standard German, Swiss German, Alemannic, Austro-Bavarian, there are also many dialects spoken in Germany and Switzerland which come under this category. there is also the very interesting Pennsylvanian Dutch/German which is closely related to the Swiss German language and is spoken by the Amish and Meninites in North America, and Canada.
The next group is the Anglo Frisian languages which are interesting as they have some of the languages which are regarded to be the closest living languages to modern day english excluding Scots. The languages in this group include North Frisian Saterland Frisian, West Frisian and English and Scots. Old english and Old Frisian were also included in this group and are closely related to each other.
This language group is from the larger family of Indo-European languages. All of the romance languages have developed from Vulgar and Church Latin. The dialects of Vulgar Latin became the modern day Romance Languages. The can split in to 5 sub families.