Alimentary Canal

Esophagus Structures

Pharynx

Funnel-shaped tube.
Moves food into the esophagus.

Esophagus

Collapsible muscular tube.
Secretes mucus and transports food into the stomach.

Esophageal sphincters

Upper esophageal sphincter regulates food movement from the pharynx to the esophagus.
Lower esophageal sphincter regulates food movement from the esophagus to the stomach.

Hiatal hernia- stomach bulging through the diaphragm.

Motility disorders- muscle and nerves that aid in food movement do not work as they should.

Neoplasm-abnormal and excessive growth on the tissue.

Trauma-physical injury to structures.

Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication

Stomach Structures

Fundus-Superior and left of the cardial notch.
Cardia-Surrounds superior opening of the stomach.
Body-Inferior to the fundus is the large central portion.
Pyloric antrum-Connects the body to the stomach.
Pyloric canal-Leads into the duodenum.
Pylorus -Region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. Consist of two parts pyloric antrum and pyloric canal.
Greater curvature-Convex lateral border.
Lesser curvature-concave medial border.
Angular incisure-small notch of the stomach.

Stomach rugae-mucosa of large fold allows the expansion of the stomach with the digestion of food and liquids.

Gastric Ulcer Disease

Open sore that develops on the inside of the stomach.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

Bezoar

Mass of indigestible vegetable fiber.

Gastrostomy

The surgical creation of an opening from the gastric mucosa to the skin.

Total Gastrectomy

Removal of the stomach and repairing of the alimentary tract.

Subtotal Gastrectomy Billroth I

Subtotal Gastrectomy Billroth II

Structures of the bowel

Ascending colon-Goes up the right side of the abdomen.
Transverse colon-Crosses the abdomen to the left side.
Descending colon-Passes below to the level of the Illac crest.
Sigmoid colon-Begins left of the Illac crest and goes medially to midline and ends at the rectum.
Cecum-Small pouch hanging below.
Appendix-Attached to the cecum as a twisted coiled tube.
Right colic (hepatic) flexure-Sharp bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon.
Left colic (splenic) flexure-Sharp ben between the transverse colon and descending colon.

Greater Omentum

Largest peritoneal fold that folds back on itself giving it a total of four layers.
Fatty tissue that secures intestines and abdominal organs in place.
Supplying blood and protections.
Contains many lymph nodes contributing to macrophages and antibodies which help combat and contain infections.

Bowel Obstruction (intussusception)

Condition when part of the intestine folds into another. Most common in children.

Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and the rectum.

Meckel's Diverticulum

Abnormal pouch on the small intestine close to the area where the small and large intestine meet.

Colon Resection

Removal of partial or entire colon due to disease or cancer.

Appendectomy

Removal of the appendix due to inflammation or as a preventive measure.

Anorectal Structures

Rectum-Last 8 inches of the GI tract and anterior of the sacrum and coccyx.
Anal canal-Final 1 inch f the rectum.
Anal Columns-Mucous membrane of the anal canal arranged in elongated folds.
Anus-Opening of the anal canal to the outside.
Internal anal sphincter-Smooth muscle (involuntary)
External anal sphincter -Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Fistula-in-ano- A chronic form of perianal abscess that fails to heal after draining and becomes an inflammatory tract.

Anal fissure-Tears in the epidermis of the anal canal.

Pilonidal disease-A acute abscess in the sacrococcygeal area and ruptures spontaneously resulting in an inhealed sinus tract.

Hemorrhoids-Congestion and dilatation of the submucosal and subcutaneous venous plexuses that line the anal canal.

Hemorrhoidectomy

Resource list

Frey, K. B. (2018). Surgical Technology For The Surgical Technologist (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Marieb, E. N., & Smith, L. A. (2016). Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual (11th ed.). Pearson.

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2006). Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology (11th ed.). John Wiley & Sons INC.

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