In diesem Abschnitt geht es um Entwicklungen und die Lage in Gaza seit Herbst 2024. Die Unterabschnitte sind chronologisch geordnet.
4.2.1 "Operation Order and Clean-Up" in Nord-Gaza (Beginn September/Oktober 2024)
+972 Magazine, "A plan to liquidate northern Gaza is gaining steam", 17.9.2024: EN
Update zur Situation, 9.10.2024: EN
+972 Magazine, " ‘Dead bodies everywhere’ in Jabalia camp as Israel besieges northern Gaza", 10.10.2024: EN
Channel4, "Israel’s ‘relentless’ pounding of northern Gaza", 20.10.2024: EN (Video)
Bericht, "Israel’s siege on north Gaza intensifies as thousands trapped", 21.10.2024: EN (Video)
Hind Khoudary, "You either leave or die", 21.10.204: EN
Bericht, "The Murderous Logistics of Israel’s Ethnic Cleansing Campaign in Northern Gaza", 23.10.2024: EN
The Guardian, "‘Israel is trying to erase our presence’: Palestinians say ‘generals’ plan’ to clear north Gaza is under way", 26.10.2024: EN
+972 Magazine, "Exterminate, expel, resettle: Israel’s endgame in northern Gaza", 1.11.2024: EN
AP, "Still wrecked from past Israeli raids, hospitals in northern Gaza come under attack again", 4.11.2024: EN
The Guardian, "Palestinians will not be allowed to return to homes in northern Gaza, says IDF", 6.11.2024: EN
The Guardian, "Israel’s true objective in northern Gaza? Removing Palestinians – and annexing the territory", 12.11.2024: EN
Karim El-Gawhary, " 'Draußen fliegen israelische Quadrocopter' ", 12.11.2024: DE
Haaretz, "IDF Gearing Up to Remain in Gaza Until End of 2025, at Least. This Is What It Looks Like ", 13.11.2024: EN
medico, "Die stufenweise Zerstörung von Nord-Gaza", 20.11.2024: DE
+972 Magazine, "In besieged Beit Lahiya, rubble and decomposing corpses line the streets", 28.11.2024: EN
NYT-Analyse, "Israel Builds Bases in Central Gaza, a Sign It May Be There to Stay", 2.12.2024: EN
Forced displacement in Northern Gaza (video), 4.12.2024: EN
UN, "Only 3% of UN emergency food aid getting to desperate Gazans", 23.12.2024: EN
+972 Magazine, "Israel storms northern Gaza’s last hospital as remaining residents forced south", 27.12.2024: EN
Gideon Levy, "No Infrastructure Remains in Northern Gaza, for Terrorism or for Life", 29.12.2024: EN
Haaretz, Fortsetzung der premanenten Vertreibung, katastrophale Zustände im Süden, 2.1.2025: EN
Haaretz, " 'We're Still Breathing, and We Don't Want to Die': Testimonies From the Inferno in Northern Gaza ", 2.1.2025: EN
FT, "How Israel erased a town of 200,000", 14.1.2025: EN
4.2.2 Entwicklungen seit Beginn des formalen Waffenstillstands am 19.01.2025, ethnische Vertreibung und Vernichtung in der West Bank, Trump
Haaretz, "Netanyahu Is Lying to Trump and Preparing to Sabotage the Gaza Cease-fire Deal", 20.1.2025: EN
Ankündigung einer neuen 'militärischen Operation' genannt "Iron Wall" und Geschehnisse seit dem 19.1., 21.1.2025: EN, EN
Al-Jazeera: Dronenaufnahmen, 20.1.2025: EN (Video)
Haaretz, "This Is What Gaza Looks Like Today: The Scale of Destruction Caused by Israel Is Revealed", 21.1.2025: EN
FT, "Gazans return home . . . to nothing", 22.1.2025: EN
UNRWA, Drohnenaufnahmen, Rafah, 22.1.2025: EN (Video)
+972 Magazine, "‘My neighborhood was one of the most beautiful in Gaza. All that’s left is rubble’ ", 23.1.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Netanyahu's Gov't and Trump Administration Greenlight Jewish West Bank Terror", 23.1.2025: EN
Tom Fletcher, "UN Relief Chief urges Security Council to safeguard Gaza’s children and uphold the ceasefire", 23.1.2025: EN
Drohnenaufnahmen von der Zerstörung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen in Gaza (s.a. Forensic Architecture, 24.1.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Jenin is ‘only the beginning’: Israel moves its war on Palestinians to the West Bank", 23.1.2025: EN
Ben Reiff, "Make no mistake: Israel’s far right is planning for a Gaza without Palestinians", 28.1.2025: EN
DropSiteNews, mehr als 80 getötete Palästinenser in Gaza seit Beginn der Waffenruhe, 29.1.2025: EN
Al Jazeera, "Israel’s ban on UNRWA comes into effect despite backlash", 30.1.2025: EN
Reuters, "Israel orders army to prepare for 'voluntary departure' of Gazans after Trump unveils plan", 6.2.2025: EN
Politico, "The ‘Gaza-ification’ of the West Bank", 9.2.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel has displaced 40,000 Palestinians in the West Bank, UNRWA says", 10.2.2025: EN, EN (UN)
MSF, "Four questions about the situation in north Gaza", 12.2.2025: EN
Prof. Eric Kurlander, "Why does Trump’s Gaza plan sound so familiar? Because the Nazis tried it first", 12.2.2025: EN
Oxfam, "Less than seven percent of pre-conflict water levels available to Rafah and North Gaza, worsening a health catastrophe", 17.2.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel’s offensive in the West Bank is the second act of the Gaza genocide", 12.2.2025: EN
Niku Jafarnia (HRW), "Gaza’s Water Infrastructure Desperately Needs to be Rebuilt", 12.2.2025: EN
Maram Humaid, "Returning to Gaza, a stranger in my own city", 18.2.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Israel Is Gazafiying the West Bank, and Turning These Palestinians Into Refugees Yet Again", 1.3.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel continues sabotage of ceasefire deal with suspension of aid into Gaza", 5.3.2025: EN
Middle East Eye, "Smotrich says 'Migration Directorate' being set up to displace Palestinians", 9.3.2025: EN
DropSiteNews, "Israel is Denying Doctors and International Aid Workers Entry to Gaza at Unprecedented Rates", 15.3.2025: EN
Prof. Mahamad Bazzi, "Joe Biden is complicit in Gaza’s starvation. Blood is on his hands", 9.8.2025: EN
4.2.3 Entwicklungen seit Ende des formalen Waffenstillstands am 18.3.2025 durch Israel
Seit 2. März lässt Israel keine humanitären Güter - Nahrung, Trinkwasser, medizinischen Güter, Treibstoff, usw. - nach Gaza. Am 17.4.2025 starten 12 humanitäre Organisationen einen Aufruf aufgrund der katastrophalen humanitären Lage in Gaza.
+972 Magazine, "Israeli settler violence is rapidly emptying Jordan Valley of Palestinians", 21.3.2025: EN
Chris Hedges, "The Last Chapter of the Genocide", 22.3.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Weaponizing starvation, Israel seeks full control over Gaza aid distribution", 26.3.2025: EN
Itay Epshtain, "Israeli High Court Defies ICJ, Allows for Gaza's Starvation", 28.3.2025: EN
FT, "Israel scraps system protecting aid workers in Gaza, agencies say", 28.3.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Israel’s latest vision for Gaza has a name: Concentration camp", 1.4.2025: EN
FT, "Israeli forces to seize ‘large areas’ of Gaza", 2.4.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "In Gaza’s devastated hospitals, treatable patients face ‘slow, quiet death’", 3.4.2025: EN
The Guardian, "The Guardian view on Israel’s killing of paramedics: a new atrocity in an unending conflict", 3.4.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Israel military razed Gaza perimeter land to create ‘kill zone’, soldiers say", 7.4.2025: EN
Electronic Intifada, "Palestine in Pictures: March 2025", 7.4.2025: EN
Breaking the Silence, "The Perimeter", 7.4.2025: EN
Reuters, "UN rights office warns Israel's actions in Gaza threaten Palestinian existence", 11.4.2025: EN
Al Jazeera, "Israel’s attack on al-Alhi Hospital in Gaza City draws global condemnation", 13.4.2025: EN
AP, "Israeli defense minister says troops will remain in Gaza, Lebanon and Syria indefinitely", 16.4.2025: EN
Middle East Eye, "No plans to allow any aid into Gaza, says Israeli minister", 17.4.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Gaza's Humanitarian Crisis at Its Worst Since War Began, With Thousands of Children Severely Malnourished, UN Says", 17.4.2025: EN
“Let us do our jobs” — Major aid groups in Gaza warn aid system is collapsing, 17.4.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Israel Must Stop Starving Gaza", 17.4.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Israeli Army No Longer Designates Humanitarian Zones in Gaza Since Fighting Resumed", 21.4.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Rafah no longer exists. This is part of Israel’s plan to permanently occupy Gaza", 24.4.2025: EN
Nour ElAssy, "I’ve been displaced again, but I will not let Gaza disappear quietly", 30.4.2025: EN
Mads Gilbert, Dr James Smith, Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah, "Israel is starving Gaza to death, and still the world does nothing", 1.5.2025: EN
Al Jazeera, "Nearly 290,000 Gaza children on ‘the brink of death’ amid Israeli blockade", 4.5.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Two Months Into Israel's Blockade, Gazans Are Nearly Out of Food", 4.5.2025: EN
Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor, "Gaza: Famine reaches catastrophic levels as sharp rise in death rates documented", 4.5.2025: EN
The Guardian, "The Guardian view on Israel’s aid blockade of Gaza: hunger as a weapon of war", 4.5.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Gaza will be entirely destroyed, Israeli minister says", 6.5.2025: EN
FT Editorial Board, "The west’s shameful silence on Gaza", 6.5.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel is creating a power vacuum in Gaza by backing armed looters — and killing anyone who tries to stop them", 6.5.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Smotrich Says Gov't Set to Approve Construction Plans That Would Divide West Bank in Half", 6.5.2025: EN
Independent, "Children so malnourished they’re losing their sight: Inside Israel’s aid blockade on Gaza", 7.5.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "‘She’s dying in front of my eyes’: The Gazan children starving under Israeli siege", 8.5.2025: EN
Ofer Cassif, "Israel laid out its harrowing plan to take Palestinian territories in 2017. Now it is happening", 9.5.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Exterminating Gaza was always Israel’s plan, but now it’s official", 9.5.2025: EN
FT, "Gaza’s farmers and fishermen eat weeds and turtles as food runs out", 10.5.2025: EN
The Guardian, "The Guardian view on Israel and Gaza: Trump can stop this horror. The alternative is unthinkable", 11.5.2025: EN
The Guardian, "A picture that shocked the world: the story behind baby Siwar Ashour", 12.5.2025: EN
Antiwar, "Netanyahu Says the Ethnic Cleansing of Gaza Is ‘Inevitable’ ", 12.5.2025: EN
Times of Israel, "PM said to tell MKs: Israel destroying homes in Gaza, so Palestinians have nowhere else to go but outside the Strip"; 13.5.2025: EN
Prof. Alex de Waal, "Starvation in Gaza", 14.5.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "‘Render it unusable’: Israel’s mission of total urban destruction", 15.5.2025: EN
Harretz, "'We're Destroying Gaza': Netanyahu, Smotrich Rush to Soothe Right's Fears Over Aid Renewal", 19.5.2025: EN
Gideon Levy, "Stop Calling It a Gaza 'War', Stop Being Part of Netanyahu's Genocidal Legacy", 19.5.2025: EN
Times of Israel, "Netanyahu sets implementation of Trump’s Gaza relocation plan as new condition for ending war", 22.5.2025: EN
Ehud Olmert, "Enough Is Enough. Israel Is Committing War Crimes", 27.5.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Why Palestinians in Israel believe crime is a ‘strategic project of the state’", 27.5.2025: EN
4.2.4 Entwicklungen seit Beginn der "Gaza Humanitarian Foundation" in Gaza (Ende Mai 2025)
Muhammad Shehada, "Israel’s ‘Aid Plan’ for Gaza Is a Blueprint for Displacement", 28.5.2025: EN
Leila Sansour, "Starvation and the Final Test of Impunity: Why Israel Is Willing to Pay the Price in Gaza", 31.5.2025: EN
FT, "How Israel is forcing Gazans off their land", 1.6.2025: EN
Abdallah Aljazzar, "The Genocide in Gaza Isn’t Just Attacking Our Bodies, It’s Erasing Our Memories", 1.6.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Aid massacre: Israeli forces kill 75 Palestinians at U.S.-run aid distribution center", 2.6.2025: EN
CNN, "Aid distribution in Gaza has turned deadly. Here’s what to know", 4.6.2025: EN
CNN Investigation, "‘Death and hunger’: Videos, expert analysis and witnesses point to Israeli gunfire in Gaza aid site shooting", 5.6.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "The planned expulsion of Gaza’s population is already underway", 13.6.2025: EN
BBC, "Israel is accused of the gravest war crimes - how governments respond could haunt them for years to come", 7.6.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Nothing Is as Cheap in the Israeli Army's Eyes as Palestinian Lives", 9.6.2025: EN
Jerusalem Post, "'Allies don't sanction allies': Finance Minister Smotrich unfazed by UK sanctions - interview", 11.6.2025: EN
Suzy Hansen, "Crimes of the Century. How Israel, with the help of the U.S., broke not only Gaza but the foundations of humanitarian law.", 16.6.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Israeli plan for forced transfer of Gaza’s population ‘a blueprint for crimes against humanity’", 7.7.2025: EN
Middle East Monitor, "No reports of Hamas stealing aid in Gaza: EU Commission", 7.7.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Seeking bulldozer drivers to demolish Gaza: how a genocide is being outsourced", 9.7.2025: EN
Gideon Levy, "The Jewish State Is Building a Ghetto", 10.7.2025: EN
MSF, "Survey of MSF staff and families in Gaza finds almost half of people killed are children", 10.7.2025: EN
+972 magazine, "‘Like a video game’: Israel enforcing Gaza evacuations with grenade-firing drones", 10.7.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel’s plan to build Gaza ‘concentration camps’ was rolled out months ago", 11.7.2025: EN
The Guardian, "‘Humanitarian city’ would be concentration camp for Palestinians, says former Israeli PM", 13.7.2025: EN
Haaretz, "'Are They Going to Ban the Air Next?' | IDF Reiterates Ban on Gazans Entering the Sea, Last Remaining Source of Relief for Many Palestinians", 13.7.2025: EN
Einsatz einer Aerosolbombe in Nord-Gaza, 14.7.2025: EN (bluesky/Video)
Forensic Architecture, "Aid in Gaza: two models", 14.7.2025: EN
oPt (Gaza) Protection Analysis Update, 15.7.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel isn’t just killing Palestinians seeking food aid. It’s killing people waiting in line for water, too.", 15.7.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Gaza Medical Officials Warn of Imminent Wave of Deaths as Signs of Famine Rise", 18.7.2025: EN
Gideon Levy, "It's Clear – Israel Now Has a Plan for the Ethnic Cleansing of Palestinians From Gaza", 20.7.2025: EN
Alaa Alqaisi, "Beneath the Howl of Hunger", 23.7.2025: EN
Tagesspiegel, "Israels Vertreibungspläne für Gaza : Wie Palästinensern die Lebensgrundlage entzogen wird", 23.7.2025: DE
Times of Israel, "Minister says Israel racing ahead to wipe out Gaza, will make it Jewish", 24.7.2025: EN
Gemeinsame Erklärung zu Gaza von AFP, AP, BBC, Reuters, 23.7.2025: EN
Canary, "It’s time to unite behind a UN-mandated protective force in Gaza", 23.7.2025: EN
FT, "Doctors and health officials report wave of hunger deaths in Gaza", 23.7.2025: EN
Bloomberg, "An Environmental Crisis Haunts the Ruins of Gaza", 24.7.2025: EN
Reuters, "Exclusive: USAID analysis found no evidence of massive Hamas theft of Gaza aid", 25.7.2025: EN
AP, "Dozens of kids and adults in Gaza have starved to death in July as hunger surges", 25.7.2025: EN
NYT, "No Proof Hamas Routinely Stole U.N. Aid, Israeli Military Officials Say", 26.7.2025: EN
Haaretz, "IDF Officials Say No Evidence Hamas Systematically Stole UN Aid in Gaza, NYT Reports", 26.7.2025: EN
HuffPost, Interview mit dem Arzt Mark Brauner, "Past ‘The Point Of No Return’: Doctor Gives On-The-Ground Insight Into Starvation In Gaza", 29.7.2025: EN
Prof. Dannenbaum, Prof. de Waal, "Time Has Run Out: Mass Starvation in Gaza and the Global Imperative", 30.7.2025: EN
AP, "PHOTO ESSAY: Starvation attacks the bodies of these children in Gaza", 1.8.2025: EN
Jonathan Whittall (UNOCHA), "I saw many atrocities as a senior aid official in Gaza. Now Israeli authorities are trying to silence us", 3.8.2025: EN
Mehdi Hasan, "The US is complicit in genocide. Let’s stop pretending otherwise", 2.8.2025: EN
The Guardian, " ‘No one should act surprised,’ says UN expert who warned of starvation in Gaza last year", 4.8.2025: EN
The New Yorker, "How to Prevent More Starvation Deaths in Gaza", 5.8.2025: EN
The Economist, "How much of Gaza is left standing?", 6.8.2025: EN
Politico, "Humanitarian aid to Gaza still below what was agreed with Israel, EU report says", 7.8.2025: EN
The Guardian, "When will we finally admit: the Gaza death toll is higher than we’ve been told", 8.8.2025: EN
Middle East Eye, "Gaza genocide: After months of deprivation, sugar reminds me why I'm fighting to be here", 8.8.2025: EN
The Guardian, "‘A deadly scheme’: Palestinians face indiscriminate gunfire at food sites", 9.8.2025: EN
Dr. Nimer Sultany, "Netanyahu’s Gaza City outrage fulfils his messianic fantasy of a Greater Israel. The world must stop him", 11.8.2025: EN
Times of Israel, "Netanyahu says he’s on a ‘historic and spiritual mission,’ also feels a connection to vision of Greater Israel", 12.8.2025: EN
Jacobin, "Israels Krieg in Gaza ist eines der größten Verbrechen der Geschichte", 11.8.2025: DE
4.2.5 Entwicklungen seit Mitte August 2025 (Tötung des Journalisten Anas al-Sharif und seines Teams; Beschluss Israels, Gaza-Stadt vollständig zu besetzen)
BBC, "Israel approves plan to take control of Gaza City, signalling major escalation", 8.8.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Anas al-Sharif, prominent Al Jazeera correspondent, among five journalists killed in Israeli airstrike on Gaza", 11.8.2025: EN
Dr. Nimer Sultany, "Netanyahu’s Gaza City outrage fulfils his messianic fantasy of a Greater Israel. The world must stop him", 11.8.2025: EN
Times of Israel, "Netanyahu says he’s on a ‘historic and spiritual mission,’ also feels a connection to vision of Greater Israel", 12.8.2025: EN
Jacobin, "Israels Krieg in Gaza ist eines der größten Verbrechen der Geschichte", 11.8.2025: DE
AP, "Malnourished kids arrive daily at a Gaza hospital as Netanyahu denies hunger", 15.8.2025: EN
Euro-Med HR Monitor, "Israel levels Zeitoun, Gaza’s largest neighbourhood, forcibly displacing its residents", 17.8.2025: EN
Auszug von Bezalel Smotrichs Rede, 18.8.2025: EN (Video/X)
Prof. Ahmed Kamal Junina, "‘Too hungry to think, too weak to sit upright. Concentration slips away’: the struggle to stay focused as an academic in Gaza", 19.8.2025: EN
Haaretz, "'They Need a Nakba' | Former IDF General Calls Palestinian Death Toll in Gaza 'Necessary' in Recording ", 16.8.2025: EN
Prof. Samera Esmeir, "The Days Before", 21.8.2025: EN
Haaretz, "'Starvation Is Everywhere': Virtual Tours of Gaza Clinics Expose the Scale of the Horror", 21.8.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Israeli army database suggests at least 83% of Gaza dead were civilians", 21.8.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Sanitize Then Destroy: Israel's Watershed Moment in the Takeover of Gaza City", 21.8.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "Israel has started the invasion of Gaza City, and is now annihilating one of its most historic neighborhoods", 21.8.2025: EN
Haaretz, "'Gates of Hell Will Open': Israel's Defense Minister Vows to Level Gaza City After IDF Takeover Plan Approved", 22.8.2025: EN
IPC, "GAZA STRIP: Famine confirmed in Gaza Governorate, projected to expand", 22.8.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Israel’s attack on hospital in Gaza may constitute a war crime on many fronts", 25.8.2025: EN
Haaretz, "Two weeks into the operation in Gaza City, neighborhoods have been destroyed and tens of thousands have been displaced from their homes", 3.9.2025: EN
The Guardian, "More than 7,000 under-fives in Gaza put in malnutrition recovery in two-week period", 6.9.2025: EN
Mondoweiss, "The ethnic cleansing of Gaza City is expanding as Israel levels residential high-rises", 9.9.2025: EN
Dr. Ameneh Mehvar, Nasser Khdour/ACLED, "Gaza after two years: As Israel expands control and sows chaos, Hamas adapts to survive", 17.9.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Israel is waging a holocaust in Gaza. Denazification is our only remedy", 18.9.2025: EN
David Adler/The Guardian, "We are sailing to Gaza. Here’s why ", 25.9.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Microsoft blocks Israel’s use of its technology in mass surveillance of Palestinians", 25.9.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Microsoft revokes cloud services from Israel’s Unit 8200, following +972 exposé", 25.9.2025: EN
The Guardian, "Israel’s ecocide in Gaza sends this message: even if we stopped dropping bombs, you couldn’t live here", 27.9.2025: EN
The Guardian, "The ruin of Gaza: how Israel’s two-year assault has devastated the territory", 7.10.2025: EN
BDS, "Palestinian civil society reacts to the Trump-Netanyahu genocidal plan", 9.10.2025: EN
4.2.6 Umsetzung des Trump Plans (10.10.2025)
Drop Site News, "Israeli Soldiers Torched Food, Homes, and a Critical Sewage Treatment Plant in the Wake of Ceasefire Announcement", 12.10.2025: EN
Owen Jones, "Be sure of this: many of the horrors the west allowed in Gaza will come closer to home", 14.10.2025: EN
Arwa Mahdawi, "We are told the ‘war’ against Gaza is finally ‘over’. Is it?", 16.10.2025: EN
Prof. William Dalrymple, "‘One of the oldest urban centres on the planet’: Gaza’s rich history in ruins", 17.10.2025: EN
The Guardian, "At least 135 mutilated bodies of Palestinians had been held at notorious Israeli jail, say Gaza officials", 21.10.2025: EN
Washington Post, "Classified U.S. report finds backlog of hundreds of possible Israeli human rights violations", 30.10.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "What’s behind Israel’s new plan to divide Gaza in two", 31.10.2025: EN
Amnesty International UK, "Israel’s genocide against Palestinians 'not over' despite ceasefire - new Amnesty briefing", 27.11.2025: EN
Craig Mokhiber, "The UN Embraces Colonialism: Unpacking the Security Council’s mandate for the U.S. colonial administration of Gaza", 18.11.2025: EN
Nesrine Malik, "It’s not just Gaza. From the West Bank to Syria and Lebanon, Israel’s onslaught continues", 1.12.2025: EN
+972 Magazine, "Legislating apartheid: How Israel entrenched unequal rule during Gaza war", 8.12.2025: EN