PLAN DE TRABAJO. CURSO 2019-20. Tercera evaluación Curso 4º ESO FECHA DE INICIO: 16 MARZO 2020
El presente Plan de Trabajo ha sido diseñado para realizar el trabajo de los grupos bilingües de 1º, 3º y 4º de ESO durante los próximos 15 días, a partir del 16 de marzo de 2020.
Seguiremos el siguiente planteamiento para este trimestre, sin perjuicio de los temas que algunos grupos aún tienen pendientes del pasado trimestre:
1º: Temas 9-16
3º: Temas 1-5 de Historia Moderna
4º: Temas 9-12 de Historia Contemporánea
Dado que aún no conocemos la duración de este período, hemos incluido contenidos suficientes como para poder extender el trabajo durante los siguientes días, en caso de tener que prolongarlos.
Con carácter general, restan diez semanas para el final de mayo, fecha para la que hemos de tener finalizada la programación anual de las asignaturas. Ello nos obliga a temporizar, en el caso de 1º ESO, una semana para cada unidad, y nos quedarían dos semanas, que estarían intercaladas para la realización de los exámenes y pruebas correspondientes.
Para 3º ESO, las cinco unidades que restan hasta final de curso han de ser repartidas en una de ellas para cada dos semanas, de manera que en dichas dos semanas se ha trabajado la unidad, y se han realizado las pruebas objetivas correspondientes.
En el caso de 4º ESO, debemos afrontar cuatro unidades, repartidas en dos semanas por unidad, de modo que también hemos de considerar las dos semanas hasta completar las diez que restan hasta final de curso para la realización de las pruebas objetivas, así como de las presentaciones orales correspondientes.
El sistema de trabajo será el siguiente: en la medida en que Delphos nos lo permita, utilizaremos las aulas virtuales que esta aplicación nos proporciona.
En cualquier caso, y dado que hemos de respetar el horario vigente para cada curso, permaneceremos, según horario, conectados para resolver las cuestiones y dudas que el alumnado pueda plantear. Si no fuera posible a través del aula virtual, se haría a través del correo electrónico de la propia plataforma Delphos.
El alumnado trabajará en su domicilio, conectado virtualmente, utilizando su libro de texto, los puntos de la unidad de que se trate. Puede hacerlo siguiendo el libro de texto, al igual que lo ha venido realizando durante las horas presenciales en el centro, y también ayudándose con los textos subidos a las siguientes websites, que les van a servir de guía en su trabajo:
https://sites.google.com/site/iesgpsocialesbilinguee/home
https://sites.google.com/site/iesgpsocialesbilinguee2/
En dichas websites encontrarán múltiples enlaces que les mostrarán documentos gráficos útiles para su estudio. Asimismo, contienen la totalidad de los contenidos, de acuerdo con los estándares que recoge el Decreto 40/2015, que desarrolla el currículo en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha.
Como última consideración, asumimos que la plataforma puede no soportar el volumen de información que ha de gestionar; es por ello que incluimos las websites antes mencionadas, de modo que el alumnado pueda en todo momento relacionar los contenidos que tiene que trabajar utilizando su libro de texto, con los estándares que servirán de base para su evaluación. Lo que resultará factible es la comunicación a través de mensajería vía Delphos, en tiempo real, con objeto de solucionar las dudas y cuestiones planteadas.
En archivo adjunto, el Plan de Trabajo, en word.
4º ESO
7 The Second World War
The causes of World War II
The advance of fascism
War in the Pacific
The Nazi 'New Order'
The United Nations
8 Spain: from the Disaster of '98 to the Civil War
The constitutional reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
The Bienio Reformista
The Bienio Conservador
An international conflict
Violence against civilians
9 The Cold War
What was the Cold War?
The Western Bloc
The Berlin Blockade
The Cuban missile crisis
The Cold War (1963-1973) page 208
10 Decolonisation
The independence of the Indian subcontinent
Indochina
The Middle East in the first half of the 20th century
The Middle East peace process
The Non-Aligned Movement
11 Global changes since 1945
Economic crises
From the Single European Act to the European Union
The break-up of the USSR
Islam, a diverse religion
Problems in the Muslim world: the Arab Spring
12 Spain: From dictatorship to democracy
A ruined economy
The changing image of the regime
The final crisis (1973-1975)
The beginning of the Transition
Unit 7
1. Causes of World War II (1939-1945)
Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) VS Allied Powers (Britain, USSR, France, US)
Impact of World WarI (diktat, Nazi extremism)
Rise of fascism and nationalism against communism
Weakness of democracies
Great Depression
Fascism advancing:
Japan in Manchuria (chinese)
Germany in Rhineland (Pan-Germanism)
Italy in Ethiopia
Anti-Comintern Pact (Ger-Jap VS USSR)
Policy of appeasement
Anchluss
Munich Agreement. Sudetenland
Czechoslovakia
Outbreak
Danzig corridor
Germany invaded Poland
2.. The Axis offensive
Blitzkrieg warfare
Poland and Finland
Scandinavia, Denmark and Norway
France and the Low Countries: Lightining war (Blitzkrieg)
France, divided: Vichy France ruled by General Petain (helping nazi Germany)
Invasion of the USSR
German tanks could not advance because of freezing
The Pacific
1941 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, attacked by Japan > US entered the war
The Nazi 'New Order'
Master race (Aryans). Concentration Camps. Extermination Camps
3. Allied victory
Turning point. Battle of Midway. Battle of El Almein. Battle of Stalingrad
Allied advances: Russia (Battle of Kursk). Italy. Pacific (Battle of Guadalcanal. Leapfrogging by Mc Arthur)
The final Allied offensives. Normandy landings. Battle of the Ardennes. Berlin occupied by soviets. Atomic bomb (Hiroshima and Nagasaki). The final war
4. The Holocaust
Definition of Holocaust or Shoah
Exclusion: Nurember Laws. Aryanisation. Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht)
Ghettoes
Extermination: Berlin Wannsee Conference > Final Solution: Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau.
5. The peace settlement
Yalta conference: Germany divided. Baltic states and eastern Poland to USSR
Postdam conference: Germany in four zones (USA, USSR, France and Britain). Berlin in four zones too. Nuremberg trials, war reparations.
Paris conference with other countries
The United Nations: San Francisco Conference: International Peace, self-determination (just for the colonies), indiviual rights, cooperation among nations
United Nations:
Security Council: Five permanent members USA, Britain, USSR, France, China have the right of veto
General Assemblhy
Secretariat
6. Consequences of the war
Human loss: 60 million people. Displacement
Moral consequences: Crimes against humanity was created
Economic consequences: International Monetar Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later called the World Bank) were created in Bretton Woods
Political and territorial changes
Unit 8 Spain: from the disaster of '98 to the civil war
1. The disaster of '98
The regency of María Cristina in Alfonso XIII's name, because Alfonso XII had died. Conservative and Liberal parties rotated (Cánovas and Sagasta as leaders)
The crisis of '98 (Cuba and the Philippines)
Jose Martí. Cuban war of independence. Warship Maine sank in Havana > Spanish-American war (General Cervera). Cuba and Philippines became independent.
In Spain: pesimism:
Regenerationism (Joaquín Costa)
Generation of '98
2. Political change
Conservative Party (Antonio Maura)
Liberal Party (José Canalejas)
Rotation between them. Caciquismo. Ley del candado
New political forces: Regionalist League in Cataluña. Basque Nationalist Party. Partido Socialista Obrero Español. Partico Comunista de España.
Trade Unions: UGT Unión General de Trabajadores, CNT Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
Conflicts: Tragic week Barcelona, worker's movements
Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: Disaster of Annual in Morocco. Miguel Primo de Rivera: coup d'etat. Dictatorship. Economic prosperity (Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España, Campsa Compañía arrendataria del monopolio del petróleo, SA). Primo de Rivera resigned after social discontent: Pact of San Sebastián > republican pronunciamiento in Jaca. Elections 1931
3. The Second Republic
1931 elections: republican won provincial capitals. Alfonso XIII exile. 14th April 1931 Spain is Republic
Niceto Alcalá Zamora. 1931 Constitution (rights freedom, expresion, divorce, universal male and female suffrage), religion (non-confessional state), decentralisation (autonomous regions), social welfare
Bieno reformista: Niceto Alcalá Zamora president, Manuel Azaña prime minister.
Reforms:
Autonomy of Cataluña
Length of military service reduced
Only a small amount of land distributed to peasant farmers
Minimum wages and accident insurance for workers
Primary schools were built
Civil marriage and divorced legalised
Opposition in right and left. Church tought it radical; anarchists considered it too light
4. Bieno conservador 1933-35
Manuel Azaña went and new elections. CEDA (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas), leaded by Gil Robles won, forming a new government with Radical Party of Alejandro Lerroux.
Tensions between right and left:
Asturias: A general strike in mining, brutally repressed by the army
Cataluña: Lluis Companys president of Generalitat proclaimed a Catalan State, repressed by force
New elections for February 1936
The Popular Front (socialists, communists, left-wing republicans and some nationalists) narrowly won the elections against CEDA (with the Falange, fascist)
1. A coup d'etat had been planned by army officers, Emilio Mola
2. Strikes, church burnings, violent fights between falangists and workers
3. Lieutenant Castillo, a left-wing officer is killed by the right-wing
4. José Calvo Sotelo, a right-wing politician is killed the following day
5. Military rebellion in Spanish Morocco.
6. On 18th July 1936 the civil war had began
5. The Civil War 1936-39
The rebellion was succesful in conservative rural areas in west and north-west Spain. Leading army officers, landowners and members of the clergy, monarchists, falangists.
The Republic supported by middle clasee, radical workers Andalucía. Cataluña and País Vasco supported the Republic by own nationalist aspirations, moderate republicans, socialists, communists, anarchists. The People's Republican Army was formed.
International support: The rebels were supported by Italy and Germany. The Republic was helped by Britain and France, and Stalin (USSR)
6. Daily life during the war
The government rationed food so that each person was only allowed ot obtain a certain amount of food each day using ration books (cartillas de racionamiento). A black market appeared.
Dr. Negrín victory pills, basic diet of lentils, by this republican president.
Armed groups removed people from their houses and killed them: this was called 'taking them for a ride' (paseo). In 'removals' (sacas) groups of prisoners were taken from prinsons and killed. On toth sides, the war was used as an excuse to take revenge in personal disputes.
The dead were often buried at night without identification in mass graves
7. The impact of the Civil War
Human loss: Around 500.000 people died in all. Nearly 150.000 victims of repression. 50.000 killed in republican territory.
The economy was affected (transport, infrastructures railways and bridges). Agricultural production declined
Exile: 450.000 republicans crossed the French border. Many were detained in camps in southern France in harsh conditions. Other went to Latin America (Mexico)
Cultural consequences
Spain's brilliant period of cultural achievement in the 1920s and 1930s came to an abrupt end.
The poet Federico García Lorca was killed in Granada in August 1936. The philosopher Miguel de Unamuno was an early supporter of the rebellion, but he died in December 1936, disillusioned by the violent extremism that he saw around him.
Many leading intellectuals, like Antonio Machado and Juan Ramón Jiménez, supported the Republic and where forced into exile.
Post-war Spanish culture was ruled by silence and fear.
UNIT 9: THE COLD WAR
1. What was the Cold War?
The Cold War was a period of permanently tense international relations between 1947 and
1991. During this time, the world was divided into two opposing blocs, each led by one of the
two superpowers: the US and the Soviet Union. Each bloc represented a different economic
and political model.
2. Blocs of the Cold War
The Western Bloc: democratic political system and a capitalist economy.
The Eastern Bloc: a totalitarian Marxist political system and a centrally planned economy.
3. Stalin’s behaviour during the Cold War
Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Communist Party, was an absolute dictator for 30 years.
Stalin’s expanding sphere of Soviet influence was seen as a threat by the USA and its allies.
4. Winston Churchill’s role
Churchill, prime minister of Br, said than the Soviet Union had built an “Iron curtain”. The
expression symbolised the boundary that divided Europe both politically and militarily
5. Characteristics of the cold war
- A bipolar order: the two superpowers, maintained international tension based on
mutual distrust and threats.
- The arms race: atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, long range missiles and chemical
weapons.
- Areas of influence: in countries within their area of influence.
- Propaganda: to convince them of the dangers of the opposing bloc.
- The threat of war: moments of extreme tension, alternating with periodsof relative
calm.
- Regional conflicts: directly or indirectly resolved by the corresponding superpower.
- Espionage and secret services: CIA, USA, and KGB in the USSR. They spied on each
other to obtain scientific, technological and military secrets from the enemy.
6. United nations
UN was ineffective as an intermediary because most of its members were active supporters of
one of the two blocs. Moreover, the US and the Soviet Union had control of the main UN
organs, like the Security Council, and they had their right to veto. This limited the UN’s ability
to act.
7. Truman doctrine
Implemented a foreign policy known as the Truman Doctrine. This containment strategy was
aimed at stopping or ‘containing’ the spread of communism by offering a program of financial
help
8. Marshall plan
The European Recovery Program, known as the Marshall Plan, benefited 17 European
countries. Spain was left because it was not a democracy.
9. NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation established an international military alliance against
possible attacks on the western world.
10. The soviet bloc. Satellite states
The Soviet Union turned these countries into satellite states, that were economically and
politically under its control. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania, as well as
the German Democratic Republic (GDR) or East Germany, founded in1949, were the European
countries in the Soviet Bloc. In these countries, one party dictatorships were imposed.
11. COMECON
In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Aid was founded in response to the Marshall Plan. Its
goal was to coordinate the economic plans of the member countries and set up a system of
mutual help. The USSR, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary were its
founding members
12. Warsaw Pact
In 1955, the Warsaw Pact was founded. It was established in response to the founding of
NATO. In theory, the pact was a military alliance between the USSR and the European
countries in the Soviet sphere, offering protection against attacks from the Western Bloc.
However, in practice, this agreement was used to impose order in the Soviet Bloc
13. Communism outside the Soviet Union
Communists regimes were also established in Yugoslavia and Albania. But these countries did
not accept Soviet domination. Outside Europe, communist revolutions spread in China, Korea
and Vietnam.
14. The most serious crises during the Cold War
The first years of the cold war were extremely tense. The most serious crises during this phase
were the Greek Civil War, the Berlin Blockade and the Korean War.
15. Truman Doctrine
In 1947, President Harry S Truman announced theTruman Doctrine of providing financial and
military aid to states threatened by the spread of communism.It therefore sent financial and
military aid to the Greek pro-government troops.At the time the Greek communist army (DA)
lost the support of the Soviet Union ad Yugoslavia.
The outcome was the defeat of the Greek communists.
16. The four zones of Germany
After World War II, the Allies occupied Germany and divided it into four zones:
-American
-Soviet
-British
-French
However, it was jointly occupied by all for countries.
17. London Conferences
The London Conferences took place. At these talks, it was decided to create a West German
single economic area controlled by the western powers. To achieve this, USA, BRITAIN and
FRANCE combine their three German zones into one.
18. Germany division.
Germany was now divided into two zones, one administered by the western allies and the
other one by the soviets.
As a result of the crisis, that same year Germany was partitioned into two:
-The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or West Germany, was part of the western bloc and
had a democratic political system.
-The German Democratic Republic (GDR) or East Germany, was a part of the soviet bloc and
had a communist regime.
19. The Chinese Civil War
The two sides in the conflict were the Chinese Nationalist Party, or the Kuomintang, and the
Chinese Communist Party.
Mao Zedong, the leader of the communists, took power and proclaimed the People's Republic
of China.
20. Korean War
Korea was part of the Japanese Empire before World War II. In 1945, after the Japanese
defeat, Korea was divided into two different countries at the 38ºN parallel:
- North Korea: had a communist regime, and was supported by the Soviet Union
- South Korea had a pro-western, authoritarian regime, and was supported by the USA
21. Korean Demilitarised Zone
The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953. This armistice established two separate
states, divided by the Korean Demilitarised Zone under the control of the UN.The demilitarized
zone still exists today. South Korea has a democratic regime with a capitalist economy,
whereas North Korea is ruled by a communist dictatorship.
22. What is destalinisation?
In 1953 Stalindied and Nikita Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Communist party of
the Soviet Union (CPSU) Khrushchev reversed some Stalin's policies, and this process was
called destalinisation.
23. Hungarian Revolution
In Hungary, people began to criticise the regime openly. A month later, Hungary announced
plansto withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. It requested recognition by the UN as a neutral
country. In response, Soviet tanks entered the capital, Budapest, and brutally crushed the
Hungarian Revolution.
24. Berlin wall
After the partition of Germany, Berlin was divided into two zones: West Berlin, part of the
Federal Republic Germany and East Berlin, which was the capital of the Democratic Republic of
Germany.In order to end with the migration, caused when East Berliners escaped to West
Berlin due to the people freedom in West Berlin, the communists built the Berlin wall in order
to end with this massive migration.
25. The Cuban missile crisis
In 1958 Fidel Castro ended the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. In 1961 a group of
Anti-Cuba exiles, supported by the USA, invaded the Bay of Pigs, on southwest coast Cuba, to
overthrow Castro. The attack failed and after that Castro established closer ties with the USSR.
In 1962, USA deployed nuclear missiles in Turkey, within the range of many Soviet cities. As a
response, Khrushcev secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. A US spy plane detected soviet
missiles. In response, John.F Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and threatened to
attack Cuba if USSR did not remove their missiles. Finally, the soviet ships retreated.
Khrushchev ordered the withdrawal of the Soviet missiles, and soon after the crisis, the USA
removed its missiles from Turkey.
26. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
After the Cuban missile crisis, the USA and the USSR realised how close they come to a nuclear
war. So, the USA, USSR and Britain signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which
prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons.
27. SALT I Treaty
The superpowers signed the SALT I Treaty (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) which limited the
amount of nuclear weapons.
28. The Prague Spring
In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
He introduced liberal reforms which included less censorship and more freedom.Warsaw Pact
troops invaded and occupied Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Union forced the Czech government
to abandon the reforms and re-establish the regime directed from Moscow.The brief months
of reforms became known as the Prague Spring.
29. The Yom Kippur War.
In 1973, it started because of an attack from Egypt and Syria on Israel. The Arab countries
invaded Israel, but Israel recovered its territory and gained ground to the east of the Suez
Canal. The United States supported Israel while the Soviet Union supported the Arab countries.
30. The oil crisis in 1973.
It caused an international economic crisis. It began because after the Yom Kippur War the oil-
producing Arab countries imposed an oil embargo and reduced oil production in order to
dissuade the Western Bloc from supporting Israel.
31. Military dictatorships in Latin America.
In Chile, Salvador Allende was replaced after a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet.
32. The Vietnam War.
Vietnam had been part of the French colony of Indochina, until 1954, when it was divided into
2 countries at the 17º N parallel: North Vietnam (communist regime led by Ho Chi Minh) and
South Vietnam (dictatorial regime).
The Vietcong was a communist guerrilla movement (backed by North Vietnam) which
threatened South Vietnam. The USA assisted South Vietnam and in 1965, sent in US combat
troops.
The Vietcong used effective guerrilla tactics. The USA, despite superior technology, chemical
weapons and its massive air bombings in the north, was unable to achieve a military victory. By
1968, it became clear that the USA couldn't win and the anti-war movement grew in strength
throughout the western world.
Richard Nixon was elected president of the United States in 1969, and peace talks began in
Paris. In 1973, a ceasefire was agreed and American troops withdrew.
North and South Vietnam continued to fight and in 1975, a major offensive from the North led
to the Fall of Saigon (capital of South Vietnam). In 1976 Vietnam became the Socialist Republic
of Vietnam. The war was a tremendous failure for the US (unrest at home and anti-USA
sentiment abroad).
33. The period of Détente.
This period was a new easing of tension between the USA and the USSR, after the Vietnam
War.
34. Helsinki Accords
This agreement was signed to improve cooperation between the two blocs.
35. Three events of 1979
-The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in the hope of expanding its influence
-The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua overthrew the country’s conservative dictatorship and
established a left-wing regime.
-The Islamic Revolution in Iran overthrew the shah of Iran who was an ally of the United States.
A period of hostility began between Iran and USA.
36. The intensification of the arms race
The arms race intensified between 1977 and 1985 with two acts:
- Soviet Union increased its nuclear arsenal
- In 1981, Ronal Reagan was elected president of the US. He approved the Strategic
Defence Initiative program (SDI) popularly called Star Wars
As a result of these events, USA-USSR tensions rose once again in the early 1980s.
37. Explain the end of the Cold War
From 1985, there were political and economic changes in the Soviet Union that eventually led
to its break up. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. The country faced serious
problems, including tense rivalry with China, and major economic problems and political
tensions with the Soviet republics. Gorbachev carried at a series of reforms to democratise the
Communist Party. He was also a key figure in establishing closer relation with the US. Two
reforms carried out by Gorbachev were the Perestroika (Political opening) and the Glasnost
(Informative opening).
38. Geneva Summit
It was a meeting between Gorbachev and the Us President Ronald Reagan where they discuss
nuclear disarmament.
39. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)
The two leaders signed it and it committed the superpowers to eliminating intermediate-range
and shorter-range missiles.
40. START I Treaty
It is the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks and reduced the number of intercontinental nuclear
missiles.
41. Events that contributed to the end of the Cold War
Some of them were:
- The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
- The fall of the Berlin Wall
- The fall of the communist regimes
- The break-up of the USSR in 1991
- The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
42. The end of the Soviet Union
On 25 th December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union. This marked the
break-up of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, a period of great tension, in which the
world had been divided into two opposing blocs.
Unit 10 Decolonisation.
Decolonisation refers to the political Independence of most of the territories that made up the
colonial empires. This process began in 1945 when many political changes were taking place.
2. The causes of decolonisation.
-Weakening of colonial power. The colonies had contributed to the war by providing natural
resources and tropos. As a result, popular leaders emerged who played decisive roles in the
process of Independence.
-Rise of nationalist movements. These groups of people were anti-European nationalist and
wanted Independence.
*Pan-Africanism
*Pan-Islamism
*More traditional values: one race, one language, one culture, etc.
Another important influence was Marxist anti-colonialism, which developed in Europe earlier
in the century.
-Favourable international anti-colonial climate. Based on the principles, the United Nations
defended the right to self-determination of all peoples and called for the Independence of the
colonies.
3. Where and when did the decolonisation take place?
Decolonisation took place mainly between the 1940s and 1980s in Africa and Oceania.
4. How Independence was gained?
Independence was gained by relatively peaceful means, for example, through agreements
between the colony and the colonial power. Sometimes, however, Independence involved
violent conflicts.
5. Political Independence for the colonies.
Although decolonisation signified political Independence for the colonies, in many cases, it
didn’t result in a complete breakaway from the colonial power. Instead, new economically
dependent relationships were established.
6. Non- Self- Governing Territories.
Today there are still territories qualified by the UN as Non-Self-Governing Territories. These
are territories from the old colonial empires whose people have not yet attained full self-
government. For example, Wernstern Sahara.
7. What were the two religious nationalist movements in India?
- The Indian National Congress (INC). The movement’s ideology was base don Gandhi’s
principle of non-violent resistance. Its aim was to forcé the British to leave India.
- The Muslim League. This movement wanted India to be partitioned into two countries and
thus create a separate Muslim nation, Pakistan.
8. The evolution of India.
India has enjoyed a very stable democratic political system. In contrast, Pakistan, was divided
into two regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan, and has been ruled by civilian governments
alternating with military dictatorships. East Pakistan split from Pakistan and proclaimed its
Independence as Bangladesh.
9. The Pre-Independence of Indochina.
Indochina was occupied by Japan during Word War II. Ho Chi Minh, leader of the League for
the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh), founded the independent Democratic Republic of
Vietnam.
10. Geneva Accords.
French Indochina was split into three countries: Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Vietnam was
later divided into two: North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
11. The Zionist movement.
The Zionist movement, founded towards the end of the 19th century, aspired to create a
homeland for the Jewish people.
12. Balfour declaration.
The United Kingdom supported he establishment of a Jewish nation in Palestine, where the
Jews had lived in Biblical times. Arab had occupied it since the 7th century.
13. United Nations Partition Plans for Palestine.
In 1947, the UN approved Resolution 181, the United Nations Partition Plans for Palestine. The
aims were to end British mandate in Palestine and to partition it into two territories: one for
the Jews and the other for the Arabs. The Palestinians were unhappy, claiming that a greater
part of the land would go to the Jewish population. Moreover, the territories were
fragmented, and Jerusalem came under international control.
14. First Arab- Israeli War.
A military coalition of neighbouring Arab states sent tropos against Israel, thus starting the
First Arab-Israeli War. Israel won the war and, as a result, expanded its territories, and
occupied West Jerusalem.
15. Sinai War.
In 1956, Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal. As a result, Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula,
and France and the United Kingdom seized the Suez Canal during the Sinai War. Pressure from
the UN and the Unites States forced them to withdraw.
16. The Six-Day War.
In 1967, there was a third armed conflict, the Six-Day War. Israel attacked Egypt, Syria and
Jordan, and invaded large parts of land from each country. A UN resolution ordered Israel to
withdraw.
17. The Yom Kippur War.
It started in 1973 when Egypt and Syria attacked several Israeli positions. Despite early losses,
Israel succeeded in repelling the Arab attacks.
18. Camp David Accords.
In 1978, the Camp David Accords were reached. These agreements required Israel to withdraw
from the Sinai peninsula, and Egypt to recognise the state of Israel. The mediator was US
president, Jimmy Carter, and the Accords were signed by Egyptian president, Anwar Sadat, and
Israeli primer minister, Menajem Begin.
19. First Intifada.
Meanwhile, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was created in 1964 under the
leadership of Yasser Arafat. This organisation comitted terrorist attacks against Israel. Later,
the PLO instigated urban uprisings against the Israeli army in the occupied territories. This
rebellion is known as the First Intifada (1987 to 1993)
20. Oslo Accords.
The Madrid Conference brought together Israel and her neighbouring Arab countries (Jordan,
Syria, Lebanon) for the first time, along with representatives of the PLO. This peace conference
resulted in the Oslo Accords in 1993. These agreements between Israeli primer minister Yizhar
Rabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat finally established mutual recognition.
21. History after Oslo.
However, the Oslo Accords didn’t end the conflict. Israel continued to establish colonies in
Palestinian territory. Palestinian revolts and terrorist attacks persist. In turn, Israel retaliates
with harsh military actions against Palestinians, and embargoes of essential goods.
22. Independent countries in Africa:
In 1945, there were only four independent countries in Africa: Egypt, Liberia, South Africa and
Ethiopia (which had just been freed from the Italians). The rest of Africa was governed by the
colonial powers.
23. Independent countries in Africa:
In 1945, there were only four independent countries in Africa: Egypt, Liberia, South Africa and
Ethiopia(which had just been freed from the Italians). The rest of Africa was governed by the
colonial powers.
23. Pan- Arabism.
In the 1950s and 1960s, claims for Independence were supported by a cultural and religious
movement promoted solidarity between the Arab-speaking countries and aimed to build a
new bloc of countries with global influence.
24. What countries and how they gained their Independence?
- Lybia gained its Independence from Italy. Colonel Muammad Gaddafi established a
dictatorship.
-Morocco and Tunisia gained its Independence from France. Spain gave back Sidi Ifni Morocco
and it returned the Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) to Morocco and Mauritania.
-Algeria. France recognised the Independence of Algerian in the Evian Accords.
25. What problems did the Sub-Saharan countries face after Independence?
-The western-educated intellectuals were incapable of connecting with their own people.
-Newly-established institutions were out of touch with local traditions and the masses.
- There was a lack of nationalist sentiments to hold the new countries together.
-Tribal conflicts, border conflicts, etc, meant that military dictatorships were established in
many countries.
26. Two movements emerged that persisted with the colonial powers…
-Negritude: A literary and ideological movement that began in the 930, led by French-speaking
black writers living in France. It defended the cultural values of black Africans.
-Pan-Africanism. A movement which promotes the solidarity and unity of peoples of African
descent. It began in 1958 during the All-African People’s Conference in Accra. It was later
consolidated in 1963 with the creation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), known
today as the African Union(AU).
27. What is the Third World?
A large number of countries that emerged after decolonisation, along with some Latin
American countries, became known collectively as the Third World. They form a group of
nations that are not aligned with either the Communist bloc or the capitalist world.
Characteristically, these countries suffer from political instability and underdeveloped
economies. The term North-South divide was used to refer to the division between the
wealthy, developed economies of the north, and the poor, less developed countries of the
south.
28. The main characteristics of Third World countries are:
-Poverty and social inequality.
-High population growth (demographic explosion)
-High external debt.
-Predominance of the primary sector and slow industrial development.
-Political instability.
29. Unequal trade.
After decolonisation, these former colonies, now independent countries, were forced to buy
manufactured goods from developed countries at very high prices. In contrast, they sold their
natural resources to rich countries at low prices. As a result, there has been unequal trade,
which has been detrimental to the less developed countries.
30. External debts.
Another problem is that Third World countries have huge external debts because they cannot
repay their loans to the developed countries. The debts keep increasing because they need to
buy expensive technology from developed countries.
31. Neocolonialism.
For all these reasons, there is a strong economic dependency of less developed countries on
developed countries. The continuation of economic control of Third World countries by
developed countries is known as neo-colonialism.
32. Why The Non-Aligned Movement became less important?
The Non-Aligned Movement became less important over the years, because the member
countries didn’t achieve their economic and political aims.
Unit 11
Which political system was established after World War II? What dictatorship are in Europe?
Democratic
Portugal, Greece, Spain
2. Factors of economic growth starting 1950
Application of technological advances in production processes
Expansion international trade
Increasing demand for labour
Increasing demand for consumer goods
3. Welfare State protects the health and the well-being of the citizens.
4. Synonym of consumer society?
Middle class.
5. Principal protest movement:
Feminist movement
Revolt May 1968 in France
6. Economic crisis since 1970:
Oil crisis 1973 countries of the organisation of petroleum exporting countries OPEC increased
the price of crude oil.
Oil crisis of 1979 In United States, Iranian oil production decreased drastically due to Iran
Revolution and Iran-Iraq war.
2007 Financial crisis, in United States caused by speculation on the stock market, protest like
15m in Spain demanded changes in economic policy.
7. What countries signed the European Cool and steel Community ECSD?
Belgium/France/Italy/Luxembourg/Netherlands/West Germany.
8. Treaty of Rome founded European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy
Community
9. Treaty on European Union date, place, what established.
1992 y Maastricht
Single Common foreing and security policies
Justice and internal affairs
Common policies in: Industry, Energy networks, Education, communication.
European citizenship.
10. Treaty of Amsterdam Fundamental rights of all EU citizens: Liberty, democracy, respect,
fundamental freedom...
Schengen agreement abolished border checks for all members countries except Britain and
Ireland.
Euro come in circulation in 2002
11. Joins ok ECC
1973: Demark, Ireland, UK
1981: Greece
1985: Spain, Portugal
1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden
2004: Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech
Republic
2007: Bulgaria, Romania
2013: Croatia
12. The main challenges facing the EU.
The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2007. It reformed the institutions of the EU, validated the Charter of
Fundamental Rights for all EU citizens and created a modern, more democratic voting system.
Its current 27 members face many challenges:
The EU is a world power that relies on diplomacy, economic relations and humanitarian aid to
operate.
The financial crisis of 2007 weakened the euro and caused disagreements between member
countries about the most effective fiscal policies.
Migration flows from the Middle East and the north of Africa have revealed the difficulties for
European institutions to address migration problems.
In June 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU in a referendum. This could influence future
relations between the remaining 27 EU countries.
13. U.S politics in the 20th century.
The USA is a federal republic with two main political parties: The Republican Party and The
Democratic Party.
Main political events of the 20th century:
In the 1940s, Suspected communists suffered persecution in a period known as the “ witch-
hunt”.
In the 1950s, President Eisenhower was in power. During his term, the African-American
community started the Civil Rights Movement to fight against racial segregation and
discrimination.
In the 1960s, Kennedy and Johnson faced grave problems like the Vietnam War.
Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights Movement. In 1968, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act
which prohibited discrimination based on race, religion or national origin.
In the 1970s, Nixon resigned after being accused of spying on his rival democrat ( Watergate
scandal).
In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan applied neoliberal policies which involved severe cuts to social
services.
In the 1990s, Bill Clinton implemented some successful economic policies.
14. U.S Domestic policy in the 21st century.
Bush was in power in 2001. On 11th September, Al-Qaeda attacked the World Trade Center
(Twin Towers attack).
Obama became the first African-American president of the USA. His government faced the
international financial crisis that had started in 2007.
15. Foreign policy during the Cold War.
After World War II, the USA became the leader of the Western Bloc and competed against the USSR for
political and military supremacy in parts of the world. The USA intervened in several conflicts ( Vietnam
War). The USA had power of veto in the UN and could stop any initiative it disagreed with.
16. What conflicts participated the USA?
In 1991, The Gulf War. They were backed by the UN to force the withdrawal of Iraqi forces
which had invaded Kuwait.
In 2001, The USA led the conflict against the Taliban government of Afghanistan. In 2011, USA
troops assassinated the Al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden.
In 2003, The Iraq War. Saddam Hussein was overthrown but The USA troops didn’t withdraw
from Iraq until 2011.
17. What did the USA related to the foreign policy?
USA foreign policy is focused on consolidating its alliances with Japan, South Korea and India and a new
alliance with Vietnam with an aim of containing China.
USA priority is the fight against The Islamic State of Iraq (DAESH) and Al-Sham or ISIS.
18. How was USSR politics in the 20th century?
After World War II, Stalin promoted himself as a benevolent leader, but he was a cruel dictator and his
regime was based on terror. During his mandate, repression affected all social and political sectors, both
inside and outside the CPSU.
19. What happened after Stalin’s death?
After Stalin’s death in 1953, Nikita Kruschev came to power. He began many political reforms, known as
destalinisation:
Stalinism was criticized.
Openness towards some political, economic and social reforms.
There was an emphasis on peaceful coexistence with other nations, including the USA.
Kruschev ‘s policies were not approved of by his fellow Soviet leaders. In 1964, he was dismissed and
replaced by Brezhnev until 1982. This period is known as the Era of Stagnation.
20. What was People’s Democracies?
After World War II, the countries in eastern Europe, except for Albania and Yugoslavia, were under the
control of the Soviet Union. Their political regime was known as a People’s Democracy.
21. What was “Prague Spring” ?
Despite the strict control of the USSR, there were revolutions against Soviet domination in Hungary d
Czechoslovakia, known as the Prague Spring. However, they all failed.
22. The soviet economic model:
-the state appropriated the main means of production
-rapid industrial development
-centrally organised and was based on 5-years plan
-in agriculture: collectivisation
22. What is Comecon?
The people´s democracies and the USSR formed a common economic area, the council for mutual
economic assistance.
23. What problems had Mikhail Gorbachev?
-agriculture sector weren´t produce enough to supply the population
-military production had reduced investment in other economic sectors which were underdeveloped
-the use of information technology was limited
24. Gorbachev focused on two main policies:
-glasnost: (openness) open discussion
-perestroika:(restructuring) restructure the soviet economy
25. Who was Boris Yeltsin?
The break-up of the Ussr into 15 republics was signed. Later 12 of this countries formed the
Commonwealth of independent states (cis). The most important state was the Russian Federation,
whose first president Boris Yeltsin
26. In 1989 several revolution took place:
Poland by Lech Walesa, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania. The fall of the
Berlin Wall marked the first step towards Germany reunification.
27. The fall of the communism and change the political maps in Europe:
-Germany reunified into one country: Federal republic of Germany
-Yugoslavia divided: Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia...
-Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
28. Some countries like China Vietnam and North Korea, are communist dictatorship.
29. Today Japan is an important economic power.
30. The Asian Tigers are: Taiwan, South Korea Singapore and Hong KONG.
31. How do organised China the land at the beginning?
-organised land into following the soviet communist model
32. consequences when mao started his own five-year economic policy.
Great leap forward
people's communes
improve both agriculture and industry
33. How Mao strengthened his position within the Communist party?
Began what he called the cultural revolution
34. He name the chief reformer after Mao's death and gave the consequences of his reforms
Deng xiao ping
These reforms brought the Chinese economy closer to a free market economy
35. Who supported dictatorships in Latin America and wholed there revolutionary movement?
Supported by the united states
in cuba, there volutionary movement was led by fidel castro
36. In what consisted the anti-communist dictatorship?
only defended the interests of those in power
37. the three main reason of democratic in many countries in latin america
The end of the cold war.
The unpopularity of the military dictatorships.
The economic crisis.
38. the breakup of the ussr the main conflict have been
War was declared between armenia and azerbaijam
Conflict arose in Georgia
Serious conflict took place in Chechenya
39. What became the majority of African states that gained their independence?
Military dictatorship or one-party regimes
40. What are the important factors of armed conflicts in Africa?
Artificial borders which unite or divide ethnic groups arbitrarily, existence of weak states with corrupt
governments that cannot control their territory, international interests seeking to control abundant
African resources.
41. What are the BRICS?
Is a group of countries with key political and economic influence worldwide. An
acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
42. The corruption scandals on Brazil.
Have weakened the government and created political uncertainty.
43. What is the economic power of China?
China’s rapid economic growth, huge military power and large population have returned the country
into a key player in international relations.
44. What wanted Putin under an authoritarian government?
He wanted Russia to recover the superpower role the USSR had enjoyed previously.
45. Why South Africa have the successful industrial growth?
Thanks to a large active population and significant mining activity (platinum, gold, choromium..)
46. What is the theocratic regimes in Muslim population?
Laws are based on the religious principles of the Quran. Human rights are often not respected.
47. Explain the revolutionary wave of revolts in Arab countries.
This in known as the Arab Spring, these protests were triggered by high unemployment, corruption and
a lack of political freedom, the protests began in Tunisia.
48. What is Globalisation?
Process in which countries around the world are interconnected between them.
49. Characteristics of economic global relationships are:
Opening up of international trade
Freer financial market
Outsourcing
Multinational companies
Improvement in information and communication technology ( ICT )
International institutions such as International Monetary Fund or the World Trade Organization
50. Neoliberalism consist on:
The economy should be liberated from the state intervention and financial and labour markets should
not be subjects to government laws
The market should be free of legal obstacles and taxes in order to open up international trade
Private enterprise and private investment should replace the public sector
51. Why the traditional mass media lost the monopoly on information?
Because the influence of the information and communication technology (ICT)
52. Tools uses to send and receive information...
Personal blogs, social networks, shorts message programs...
53. Why the new forms of communication also create problems?
Because however the information is subjective, false or not verified
54. Anti-globalisation activists are:
Anti-Capitalist, environmentalist, anti-military, anarchist, extreme right-wing nationalist...
55. The refugees of Syria have been resettled in:
Turkey, Lebaton and Jordan
56. Climate change:
Increase of planet temperature
Increase of the greenhouse gases in atmosphere (CO2, CH4, NO)
Global warming
57. Paris Climate Summit: Reduce global warming caused by greenhouse gases.
UNIT 12
1. Franco’s dictatorship.
-Franco assumed all powers: he was head of state, head of government, and the
leading general. In 1973 he appointed a prime minister.
-FET y de las JONS was the only legal party.
-Rights and liberties were abolished
-Regional nationalism was banned.
2. Supporters of Francoism.
-The army.
-The Catholic Church, because Spain was a confesional state.
-Landowners and business.
-Other groups: middle class conservatives.
3. Spain during World War II.
Spain didn't enter World War II. Franco met Hitler in Hendaye to negotiate Spain's
participation. The Blue Division (División Azul) was created to support the Nazis on the
Russian front.
4. Spain after World War II.
Franco faced isolation as the last remaining dictator. Spain wasn't admitted to the UN.
The FET y de las JONS was the only political party.
5. Organisations which supported the regime.
-Organización Sindical Española (Sindicato Vertical), in which there were no free labour
negotiations and strikes were banned.
-Sección Femenina was responsible for social work.
-Frente de Juventudes for young people.
6. The economy.
Spain was an autarchy, which means economic self-sufficiency. It created the National
Wheat Service and the National Institute of Industry.
7. What was the term ‘Estraperlo’?
It was a black market which emerged because the policy of autarchy failed.
8. The end of international isolation and the Pact of Madrid.
Spain was admitted into international organisations, including the UN in 1955, the cold
War was the main cause and the United States was now strongly anti-communist and
viewed Franco as a potential ally.
The Pact of Madrid allowed the United States to build air and naval military bases in
Spain in exchange for economic assistance.
9. The changing image of the regime
-Leading government positions were often given to Catholics and monarchists, rather
than to Falangists.
-The National Movement (Movimiento Nacional) replaced FET y de las JONS
-The political system was now called an organic democracy, although in reality it was
still a dictatorship
10. Technocrats and the stabilization plan.
Technocrats were members of the Catholic Opus Dei group took up government
positions and they developed economic policies on the basis of their technical
knowledge. 1959, several economic measeures were introduced in accordance with a
stabilization plan:
-Tax reductions for public companies were eliminated and public spending was
reduced.
-The currency (the peseta) was devalued in order to stimulate foreign investment and
trade.
11. Rapid economic growth between 1960 and 1973 was caused by a
combination of factors:
-Tourism, Industry and the services sector.
-Agriculture was mechanized.
-Foreign investment: its low salaries and taxes.
-Foreign currency
12. TOP
1963, TOP (Tibunal de Orden Público) was given the role of controlling “political
crimes”: people were tried for activities such as organizing demonstrations, or
spreading propaganda.
13. Franco made Juan Carlos de Borbón….
Franco made Juan Carlos de Borbón his successor, which indicated a future restoration
of the Spanish monarchy.
14. The Communist Party (PCE) proposed…
The Communist Party (PCE) proposed a policy of national reconciliation, bringing
together all the parties opposed to the dictatorship. They signed a joint condemnation
in Munich (1962)
15. The Socialist Party or PSOE began…
The Socialist Party or PSOE began its internal reorganization at the Congress or
Suresnes in France, and elected Felipe Gonzalez as its leader.
16. Forms of opposition to the Franco regime.
-The trade union movement was led by the recently created Comisiones Obreras
(CCOO).
–A student movement developed in universities. Intellectuals and artists expressed
their rejection.
–At local level, neighborhood movements became active calling form improvements in
local services (public transport or water supply).
From the 1960s, terrorist organisations began to carry out violent attacks, including
the basque organisation ETA, and a left-wing group called GRAPO.
17. The oil crisis.
The oil crisis of 1973 affected Spain greatly. The sharp rise in oil prices caused inflation,
businesses closed.
18. Luis Carrero Blanco.
Franco was in poor health, and Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco was named head of
government. He was assassinated by ETA a year later.
19. The conflict in the Spanish Sahara.
There was a conflict in the Spanish Sahara (later the Western Sahara), they demanded
independence. Morocco took advance of the regime’s weakness to annex the region in
the so-called Green March. Franco died on the 20 th Nov 1975.
20. Spain in 1975.
Spain was an industrialized country in 1975. However, despite its modernization it was
characterized by high levels of inequality.
21. What was the transition?
The restoration of a democratic system in Spain began soon after Franco’s death, and
is know as the transition (la Trancisión).
22. Adolfo Suárez’s reforms.
July 1976, Adolfo Suárez was appointed the prime minister, and carried out some key
reforms:
- The Law of Political Reform (Ley para la reforma política) to made spain a
constitutional monarchy.
–Democratic elections, June 1977.
–An amnesty was granted to political prisoners.
–Political parties were legalized.
This process took place in a climate of tension and violence:
-Violent Killings were renewed by the ETA and GRAPO terrorist groups.
-Neo-fascist terrorist, with links to the Francoist right, killed a group of the left-wing
lawyers in the Massacre of Atocha (1977).
23. The first elections.
The PSOE received the second highest number of votes, followed by the PCE and the
AP.
24. What were the agreements of the first elections after the dictatorship?
-The parties represented in parliament and the trade union signed the Moncloa Pacts
(Pactos de la Moncloa) to address Spain’s serious economic crisis.
- Democratic constitution (1978)
-The central government cede autonomy to Spanish regions, and the first Statues of
Autonomy were granted.
Thus, the foundations of a democratic system were established from 1977 onwards.
25. What happened on the 23 rd of February 1981?
23-F, the parliamentary session to ratify Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo as prime minister was
interrupted by a coup of army officers (who attempted a coup d’état). The coup failed
because they had no support among political parties, population, and were opposed
by the king and the international community.
26. Spain and the NATO. (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
Spain joined the NATO in 1982. In oct 1982 elections, PSOE won an absolute majority
and their victory is often considered to mark the end of the Transition.
27. The Constitution of 1978.
Main principles:
-Spain is a social and democratic state, subject to the rule of the law. All citizens have
equal rights and the laws are equally applied.
-Citizens elect their representatives.
-Spain is a parliamentary monarchy.
-Separation of powers. Parliament is made by 2 houses: Congress of Deputies and
Senate.
-Creation of the Autonomous Communities.
28. The creation and the restoration of autonomous governments after
Franco.
Generalitat of Catalonia was re-established.
Consejo General Vasco and the Xunta de Galicia were created.
29. What is an Statue of Autonomy? Who have it?
They are laws which establish self-government and define the territory, official
institutions, etc., of each Community. Each Autonomous Community has its own
Statue of Autonomy.
30. The Socialist reforms during the PSOE governments (1982-1996)
PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español) won the Spanish general elections of 1982 by
an absolute majority.
-The welfare state was expanded, so public services reached the whole population.
-The transport network was enlarged (AVE)
-International security was improved to fight ETA.
-The economy was restructured
31. The end of the PSOE government on the 20 th century.
Towards the end of the 1980s the socialist lost popularity. The main source of
discontent came from the political corruption and scandals (of political figures and
senior security force officers) related to Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) set up
by the government in order to fight ETA.
1993, the socialist party won the general elections but without an absolute majority.
1996, the PP won the general elections and José María Aznar became the prime
minister.
32.The NATO referendum…
In May 1982, under the leadership of UCD Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo and
Spain became a member. The socialist made a promise for the next elections: if they
came to power, they would call a referendum to decide whether Spain remained in
NATO.
33. The socialist government supported the permanance of Spain in NATO
on three conditions….
-Non-incorporation of Spain into NATO ‘s military structure.
-No nuclear weapons in Spanish territory.
-A reduced United States military presence in Spain.
34. Membership of the EEC
On 12 June 1985, Spain signed the Treaty of Accession to the EEC. This came into
effect on 1st January 1986. Membership the EEC was a decisive step towards the
modernisation of the Spanish economy.
35. The PP in power (1996-2004)
In March 1996, the conservative Partido Popular party or PP, won the elections, but
without an absolute majority. PP, José María Aznar, became prime minister. In this
term of office the PP reduced the national debt by privatising public companies. In
2000, the PP won the elections again. This time had an absolute majority and reformed
several laws:
-The Inmigration Law.
-The Political Parties Law: parties that gave support to violence or terrorism could be
made illegal.
Euro as a single currency in January 2002.
36. During this time…
Some government measures caused discontent, in particular, the military support of
the US and the UK in the Iraq War in 2003. On 11 March 2004 (11-M), the Islamic
terrorist attack on Madrid commuter trains killed 191 people and injured 1500. Three
days later, new elections were held while the country was still under its impact.
37. Return to power of the socialists (2004-2011)
In March 2004, the PSOE won the elections. New Prime minister José Luis Rodriguez
Zapatero, was to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq. Reforms:
-Law for the Prevention of Violence against Women.
-Dependency Law
-Historical Memory Law
38. In 2008…
The main problem was the economic crisis, in Spain was felt especially hard as the
construction industry. As a result, unemployment increased dramatically. Zapatero
introduced austerity measueres, but the popularity of his government suffered in
consequence.
39. Return to power of the PP ( 2011-2015)
2011, PP won the election and Mariano Rajoy Brey became the new prime minister.
40. What consequences did the austerity measures implemented by the
government of Mariano Rajoy Blay have?
These measures provoked intense protests and demonstrations, organised by unions
and the sectors of society affected by the cuts.
41. Who was the new king after the abdication of Juan Carlos I?
2014, after the abdication of Juan Carlos I, was proclaimed king of Spain Felipe VI.
42.- General elections of 20th December 2015.
The results showed that a large percentage of the voters had supported new political
parties, specially Podemos (left of the PSOE) and Ciudadanos ( a centre –right party ).
It seemed to be the end of the two-party politics of PP-PSOE, which had dominated
Spain since 1982, and the emergence of new political forces.
43. What happened for the first time in Spanish democracy in June 2016?
Why?
New general elections were convened over a period of six months.
The most voted party, the PP, did not get the necessary representation in the elections
of 20th December 2015 to form a government.
44. Who signed the Moncloa Pacts in 1978 and why ?
The political parties and the trade unions to organise the economy. In these
agreements, the trade unions accepted only moderate salary increase for workers in
exchange for investment in social services, and recognition of the freedom of
association.
45. Economic policies of the socialist governments:
- Industrial reconversion, the closure of obsolete factories and the privatisation of
unprofitable public companies.
- Large Spanish companies expanded overseas.
- Spain received significant funding from the EEC.
46. Economic policies of the PP governments:
- Increasing privatisation of the public sector.
- Decrease in the public debt.
- Economic reforms and the construction boom.
47. Were the economic policies of the governments of the PSOE and PP enough to
overcome the crisis?
No, they weren´t. In 2016, despite some positive economic indicators, the deficit,
foreing debt and unemployment were still very high.
Estándares desarrollados en el presente Plan de Trabajo
II Guerra Mundial
Capitalismo y Guerra Fría
Del siglo XX al XXI
Globalización en el siglo XXI
Perspectivas en el mundo actual
Criterios de evaluación aplicables al presente Plan de Trabajo
II Guerra Mundial
Capitalismo y Guerra Fría
Del siglo XX al XXI
Globalización en el siglo XXI
Perspectivas en el mundo actual