2 ESO

Click here to watch a Unit 9 video

Click here to watch a Unit 10 video

Grupo 1: Unidad 9: Basma. Rosalía. Jesús. Ainoa. María. Rocío

Grupo 2: Unidad 10. Marina. Noelia. Victoria. Patricia. Athenea. Alejandro

Grupo 3: Unidad 11: Hugo. Juan. Álvaro. Claudia. Natalia. Lucía

Grupo 4: Unidad 12: Alejandro O. Javier. Carlos. Javier R. Rafa. Cristina. Álex

1. The Early Middle Ages

2. Feudal Europe

3. The High Middle Ages

4. Culture and art in the Middle Ages

5. Al-Andalus

6. The Hispanic Christian Kingdoms

7. Territorial organisation

8. World Population

9. Cities

10. World population and cities

11. Europe: population and cities

12. Spain: territory, population and cities

Remember: your note-book should always be available to check, at anytime. Your marks depend on it!

Unit 1:

1. Barbarian. Huns. Germanic. Theodosius: two parts. Byzantine Empire. Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. AD 476. Odoacer-Romulus Augustulus.

2. Smaller kingdoms (which and where). Kings were helped by... New languages in Romanised regions. Languages in regions with Germanic influence

3. Battle of Adrianople. Sack of Rome. Visigoth's capital in Hispania. Main visigoths kings in Hispania. Aula Regia. The most important political positions. Say all the estates in society at this time. The main economic activity was...and also cattle raising and artisans or craftsmen

4. Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople. Byzantium. Code of Justinian. Basileus. State officials. Diplomats. 1453: Turks. Political leader. Religious leader. Major cities. Division of Christianity (East-West Schism). Iconoclam: definition. Greek cross plans. Latin cross plans

5. Monotheistic: three religions. Hegira. 622. Quran. The five pillars of Islam (and explain them: imam, Ramadam, among others...)

6. Jihad. Emirates. Caliph. Different officials (viziers, qadis, walis, emirs)

7. Islamic society: different classes

Unit 2

1. The real rulers: Mayors of Palace. Charles Martel. Battle of Poitiers. Pepin the Short. Charlemagne conquered... The Carolingian Empire name. Holy Roman Empire. The Empire was organised into... Treaty of Verdun. The two most important successor kingdoms to the Carolingian Empire were...

2. The new invasions: second wave of invasions in Europe. The royal council.

3. Feudalism was... Vassal is... Homage. Fief. Serfs. Demesne. Plots of land. Toll

4. What were the three estates? (the whole paragraph) (nobility, clergy, peasants, merchants, craftsmen (smiths). The nobility: types. Pages > squires > knights. Noblewomen's main role. What about unmarried noblewomen?

5. The peasants: types, explain them. Crops.Two-year crop rotation. Three-year crop rotation.

6. The Church had great influence in many fields (political: excommunicate; economic: tithe; cultural: read and write)

Two types of clergy. The Crusades. Pilgrimages, and places

Exam: 26th October

Unit 3

1. High Middle Ages lasted... The population of Europe grew Two main trade sea routes, and they linked. Hanseatic League. The most important trade fairs. Bills of exchange

Guilds

2. Jewish quarter and Moorish one. Charter (fuero). City hall or council

3. The main buldings. Parishes.. Market square. Unhealthy cities. Three stages in becoming an artisan. Guilds.

Vídeo de YouTube

4. Two types of school. The first universities. Thomas Aquinas. New genres: epic, lyrical. Dante Alighieri. Vernacular languages.

5. European monarchs strengthened their authority over the feudal lords. The growth of royal power. Several monarchies emerged. Differences between Castile and Aragon.

The Hundred Years' War. The Western Schism. Martin V

6. High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages. Agriculture: climate, overexploitation, famine, destructive wars. Social tensions: Jacquerie, Peasant's Revolt. The Black Death

Unit 4

1. Romanesque & Gothic: Where, when? International styles. Reliefs and mural paintings (they could not read or write). The main purpose. Architecture.

Romanesque, Cluny, rural. Pilgrimage routes.

Gothic, urban, city halls, markets...

2. Romanesque: churches, cathedrals, stone, fires, barrel vault, dome, round arches, columns, pillars, thick walls, buttresses, Latin cross, naves, apses, transept, ambulatory

3. -Sculpture: People illiterate. Religious figures. In architecture, human representation, colour (polychrome)

Types of sculptures: reliefs in capitals, portals (tympanum). Free-standing: Christ on the cross, Virgin and child

-Painting: the same as sculpture: adapted to buildings, cathedrals. Christy in Majesty, Virgin and Child. Human representation. Colour. Types: murals, altarpieces, miniatures

4. Gothic Architecture: urban art. Civil buildings (city hall, palaces), cathedrals too. Pointed arch, ribbed vault, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, latin cross plan.

5. Gothic sculpture and painting: Christ on the Cross, the Virgin and Child. Human emotion: suffering on the cross. Curves: movement. Funeral sculpture, altarpieces, gargoyles.

Vídeo de YouTube

Exam: 7th December. No se puede cambiar

Second Term: Units 5-8 (5-6 + 7-8)

Maps: Politics (Europe, Asia, Africa, North and Central America, South America, Oceania, Antarctica, Spain), according to periods: green, yellow and red.

Be careful: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and Spain must be explained in detail

En esta segunda evaluación tienes que presentar los siguientes mapas políticos: Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Oceania, Antarctica, Spain

Unit 5. Al-Andalus

1. Early history: 711. Roderic. Battle of Guadalete. Musa. Tariq. Córdoba. Emirate. Damascus.

Umayyad family (Damascus) killed by Abbasid family. Abd al-Rahman (umayyad) escaped to Cordoba > independent, but accepting religious supremacy of the caliph.

Abd al-Rahman III: Caliph (political and religious authority) > hajib, viziers, walis.

Hisham II, Caliph. Al-Mansur

2. Fragmentation

Taifas. Parias. Almoravids. Almohads. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212. Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

3. Life

Conquerors: Arabs (Middle East, aristocracy), Berbers (North Africa, people)

Muladis: Christians converted to Islam

Mozarabs: Christians who did not convert to Islam

Jews: In Jewish quarters

Cordoba. Others: Sevilla, Toledo, Valencia, Murcia

Medina. Alcázar. Main mosque. Souk. Sewage systems. Hammams.

Agriculture: Grains, grapes, olives, fruit trees. Irrigation techniques. New crops

Craftwork. Workshops

Trade: dinar, dirham or dirhem. Alhondiga.

4. Culture and art: Bricks, decoration, plant motifs, geometric patterns, Quran verses.

- Horseshoe arch. Horseshoe pointed arch

- Latticework

- Water, fountains and pools

- Roofs, flat and made of wood

Cultural achievements

- Libraries

- Poetry

- Philosophy and science: Averroes and Avempace. Maimonides was a Jewish philosopher.

Vídeo de YouTube

Unit 6 Hispanic Christian Kingdoms

1. Origins of Christian Spain: 711

- Cantabria: kingdom of Asturias

- Pyrenees: Kingdom of Navarra (Aragonese and catalan counties emerged)

Pelayo: Asturias. Battle of Covadonga, start of the Christian Reconquest.

First capital: Oviedo, later moved to León, and now it is the Kingdom of León.

Hispanic March. Navarra, Aragon, Catalan counties

- Navarra: King of Pamplona > Kingdom of Navarra

- Aragón: Counties of Aragón, Sobrarbe, Ribagorza

- Catalan counties: Wifredo the Hairy expanded his territories from Frankish rule.

2. Emergence of the Christian kingdoms

Leon and Castile

Count Fernan Gonzalez of Castile, vassal of the king of Leon.

Fernando III: Crown of Castile

Portugal

Navarra

Kingdom divided among Sancho's sons:

- García Sánchez: Navarra

- Fernando I: Castile, became an independent kingdom

- Ramiro I: Aragón

- Gonzalo: Sobrarbe and Ribagorza counties

1512: Navarra was conquered by Fernando the Catholic

County of Aragon became part of the Kingdom of Navarra. Ramiro I is the first king of Aragon.

Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, became engaged to marry Petronilla of Aragon. This united Aragon and the Catalan counties, and led to the creation of the Crown of Aragon.

3. Reconquest and settlement. Duero. Tajo and Ebro. Parias. Navas de Tolosa 1212.

Repopulation: New towns were granted charters (fueros), rights and privileges

Land distribution

Military orders: warrior-monks for conquering and defending territories.

Castile: Alcántara, Calatrava, Santiago. Aragón: Montesa

4. Crown of Castile: Parliament, Royal Council, High Court

Municipal government: A council, with councillors (their positions for life). Mayor. Chief magistrate.

Concejo, regidor, alcalde, corregidor.

Transhumance, cañadas, merino sheep, wool, Flanders, Mesta, Trade Fairs

5. Crown of Aragon: Catalan counties, kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and Mallorca. Parliament or Cortes. Generalitat. Justicia de Aragón

Expansion: Ebro valley, Valencia, Alicante, Murcia, Balearic Islands, Sicily, Sardinia, Naples

Aragón: Agriculture and livestock

Cataluña: manufacturing, naval construction

Valencia: trading centre

Book of the Consulate of the Sea

6. Castile: Economic crisis, peasant revolts, noble rebellions (Trastamara dynasty). Canary Islands.

Aragon: Black Death. Peasant revolts.

Seis malos usos catalanes

Cargas a las que estaba sujeto el payeses de remensa en el régimen señorial catalán. Dieron origen a la sublevación de los payeses de Cataluña la Vieja en la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Fueron abolidas por la Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe, dictada por Fernando el Católico en el año 1486 (ver payeses de remensa).

Estos seis "usos" llamados malos, a los que estaba sujeto el payés eran:

1. La "remensa", uso por el cual el payés no podía abandonar el predio que cultivaba si no pagaba al señor el precio de la redención o "remensa" que el señor fijaba arbitrariamente.

2. La "intestia", uso por el cual el señor se apropiaba de la mitad o tercera parte de los bienes muebles del payés que fallecía sin haber testado.

3. La "exorchia", por el cual el señor se apropiaba de parte de los bienes del payés que moría sin descendencia.

4. La "cugucia". Prestación que el payés debía hacer al señor en caso de que su mujer cometiera adulterio y que consistía en la apropiación de la mitad de los bienes de la adúltera.

5. La "arsia" o "arsina". El señor se apropiaba de parte del patrimonio del payés si se incendiaba casualmente el predio que cultivaba.

6. La "firma de spolii". Gabela (tributo) que el señor percibía por autorizar al payés para que hipotecase las tierras que tenía aquel en garantía de la dote de su mujer y del "esponsalicio" o donación que el esposo hacía a la desposada por razón de su virginidad.

La Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe de 1486 acabó con el conflicto, ya que a cambio del pago de un censo a sus señores, los payeses consiguieron la abolición de los malos usos y el reconocimiento de su domino sobre la tierra con facultad para traspasarla. El señor seguía teniendo la propiedad de la tierra mientras que el campesinado conservaba el dominio útil a cambio de una renta.

http://glosarios.servidor-alicante.com/terminos-economicos-historicos/seis-malos-usos-catalanes

Urban conflicts. Valencia, the main port

7. The artistic legacy

Romanesque style: Through the Pyrenees and along the pilgrimage route

Small rural churches: San Clemente de Tahull (Lleida)

The way of Saint James: San Martín de Frómista, Palencia, Monastery of San Juan de la Peña, Huesca, cathedrals of Zamora and Santiago de Compostela.

Gothic style:

Castile: Cathedrals of Leon, Toledo, Burgos

Aragon: Church of Santa Maria del Mar and lonjas of Palma and Valencia (commercial exchanges)

Unit 7 Territorial organisation

Passport. DNI. Visa.

Schengen Agreement

1. Territories and borders: Natural frontiers. Political frontiers

Vídeo de YouTube

Third Term: Units 9-12 (9-10 + 11-12)