Reference list

Observations (glaciology・meteorology・hydrometeorology, etc.):

• Barros, A. P., Joshi, M., Putkonen, J., & Burbank, D. W. (2000), A study of the 1999 monsoon rainfall in a mountainous region in central Nepal using TRMM products and rain gauge observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3683–3686. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011827

• Ueno K., R.B. Kayastha, M. R. Chitrakar, O. R. Bajracharya, A. P. Pokhrel, H. Fujinami, T. Kadota, H.Iida, D.P. Manandhar, M. Hattori, T. Yasunari and M. Nakawo, 2001: Meteorological observations during 1994-2000 at the Automatic Weather Station (GEN-AWS) in Khumbu region, Nepal Himalayas. Bulletin of Glaciological Research, 18, 23-30.[Abstract][PDF]©Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 

• Barros, A. P., and T. J. Lang, 2003: Monitoring the Monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in Central Nepal, June 2001. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1408–1427, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1408:MTMITH>2.0.CO;2.

•  Barros, A. P., Kim, G., Williams, E., & Nesbitt, S. W. (2004), Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4, 29–51. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-29-2004

• Ueno, K., K. Toyotsu, L. Bertolani, and G. Tartari, 2008: Stepwise Onset of Monsoon Weather Observed in the Nepal Himalaya. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2298.1  

• Shea, J. M., Wagnon, P., Immerzeel, W. W., Biron, R., Brun, F., & Pellicciotti, F. (2015), A comparative high-altitude meteorological analysis from three catchments in the Nepalese Himalaya. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 31, 174–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020417

• Yang, K., Guyennon, N., Ouyang, L., Tian, L., Tartari, G. and Salerno, F. (2018), Impact of summer monsoon on the elevation‐dependence of meteorological variables in the south of central Himalaya. Int. J. Climatol, 38: 1748-1759. doi:10.1002/joc.5293 

• Sunako, S., Fujita, K., Sakai, A., & Kayastha, R. B. (2019), Mass balance of Trambau Glacier, Rolwaling region, Nepal Himalaya: in-situ observations, long-term reconstruction and mass-balance sensitivity. Journal of Glaciology, 65, 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.37

• Ouyang, L., Yang, K., Lu, H., Chen, Y., Lazhu, , Zhou, X., & Wang, Y. (2020). Ground‐based observations reveal unique valley precipitation patterns in the central Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2019JD031502. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031502

Precipitation properties・precipitation from satellite  (TRMM, GPM, CloudSat, etc.):

• Bhatt, B.C. and K. Nakamura, 2005: Characteristics of Monsoon Rainfall around the Himalayas Revealed by TRMM Precipitation Radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 149–165, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-2846.1 

• Bhatt, B. C., and Nakamura, K. ( 2006), A climatological‐dynamical analysis associated with precipitation around the southern part of the Himalayas, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02115, doi:10.1029/2005JD006197. 

• Bookhagen, B., and Burbank, D. W. ( 2006), Topography, relief, and TRMM‐derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08405, doi:10.1029/2006GL026037. 

• Hirose, M. and K. Okada, 2018: A 0.01° Resolving TRMM PR Precipitation Climatology. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 57, 1645–1661, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0280. 1 

• Houze, R. A., Wilton, D. C. and Smull, B. F. (2007), Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 133: 1389-1411. doi:10.1002/qj.106 . 

• Medina, S. , Houze, R. A., Kumar, A. and Niyogi, D. (2010), Summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region: terrain and land cover effects. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 136: 593-616. doi:10.1002/qj.601 . 

• Shrestha, D., Singh, P., and Nakamura, K. ( 2012), Spatiotemporal variation of rainfall over the central Himalayan region revealed by TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D22106, doi:10.1029/2012JD018140.  

• Terao, T., F. Murata, Y. Yamane, M. Kiguchi, A. Fukushima, M. Tanoue, S. Ahmed, S. A. Choudhury, H. J. Syiemlieh, L. Cajee, A. K. Bhagabati, P. Bhattacharya, S. Dutta, R. Mahanta, and T. Hayashi, 2017: Direct validation of TRMM/PR near surface rain over the northeastern Indian subcontinent using a tipping bucket raingauge network. SOLA, 13, 157−162, doi:10.2151/sola.2017-029. 

• Yamamoto M. K., K. Ueno, and K. Nakamura, 2011: Comparison of Satellite Precipitation Products with Rain Gauge Data for the Khumb Region, Nepal Himalayas. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan,89(6), 597-610.

Intraseasonal oscillation, diurnal variation, extreme precipitation events:

• Bohlinger, P, Sorteberg, A, Liu, C, Rasmussen, R, Sodemann, H, Ogawa, F. (2019): Multiscale characteristics of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal. Q J R Meteorol Soc., 145, 179– 196. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3418 

• Bohlinger, P., Sorteberg, A., & Sodemann, H. ( 2017). Synoptic conditions and moisture sources actuating extreme precipitation in Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122, 12,653– 12,671. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027543 

• Fujinami, H., Sato, T., Kanamori, H. & Murata, F. ( 2017). Contrasting features of monsoon precipitation around the meghalaya plateau under westerly and easterly regimes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122, 9591– 9610, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026116  

• Habib, SMA, Sato, T, Hatsuzuka, D. Decreasing number of propagating mesoscale convective systems in Bangladesh and surrounding area during 1998–2015. Atmos Sci Lett. 2019; 20:e879. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.879  

• Hirose, M., R. Oki, S. Shimizu, M. Kachi, and T. Higashiuwatoko, 2008: Finescale Diurnal Rainfall Statistics Refined from Eight Years of TRMM PR Data. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 544–561, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1559.1  

• Sato, T., 2013: Mechanism of Orographic Precipitation around the Meghalaya Plateau Associated with Intraseasonal Oscillation and the Diurnal Cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2451–2466, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00321.1  

Regional models (WRF, CReSS):

• Sugimoto S, Ueno K, Sha W (2008) Transportation of water vapor into the Tibetan Plateau in the case of a passing synoptic-scale trough. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 86(6):935–949. 

• Potter, E. R., Orr, A., Willis, I. C., Bannister, D., & Salerno, F. ( 2018). Dynamical drivers of the local wind regime in a Himalayan valley. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 13,186– 13,202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029427  

• Wang, Y., Yang, K., Zhou, X. et al. Synergy of orographic drag parameterization and high resolution greatly reduces biases of WRF-simulated precipitation in central Himalaya. Clim Dyn (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05080-w 

Interannual variation and climate change：

• Boos, W. R. and Z. Kuang, 2010: Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating, Nature, 463, 218-222. 

• Shrestha, M. Interannual variation of summer monsoon rainfall over Nepal and its relation to Southern Oscillation Index. Meteorol Atmos Phys 75, 21–28 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030070012

•  Pokharel, B, Wang, S-YS, Meyer, J, et al. The east–west division of changing precipitation in Nepal. Int J Climatol. 2020; 40: 3348–3359. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6401