Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an advanced technology designed to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is crucial in mitigating global warming. It is a three-step process that involves capturing CO2 produced from power generation or industrial activities such as hydrogen production, steel manufacturing, or cement production, then transporting it, and finally, permanently storing it deep underground.

1. Capturing CO2: The CO2 is separated from other gases produced in industrial processes, such as those found in coal and natural gas power plants, steel mills, or cement factories. This can be done through different methods, including post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxyfuel combustion.

2. Transporting CO2: Once captured, the CO2 is compressed and transported to a storage site. This is typically done via pipelines, but road transport and shipping are also viable options depending on the location and scale of the project.

3. Storing CO2: Finally, the CO2 is injected into rock formations deep underground for permanent storage. These storage sites include saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs, which must be at least 0.62 miles (1 km) below the Earth's surface to ensure secure containment.

A related concept to CCS is Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). Instead of solely storing CO2, this approach involves repurposing captured CO2 for various industrial uses. For example, CO2 can be converted into products such as plastics, concrete, or biofuel. This can enhance sustainability by creating valuable materials while reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.