Content References
Emergency Action Planning / Crisis Preparedness-
Casa DJ, et al; National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Preventing Sudden Death in Sports; J Athl Train; 2012:47(1):96-118
Casa DJ; Moving Forward Faster: The Quest to Apply Evidence-Based Emergency Practice Guidelines in High School Sports; J Athl Train; 2015;50(4):341-342
Triage-
Silvestri S, Field A, et al. Comparison of START and SALT triage methodologies to reference standard definitions and to a field mass casualty simulation. Am J Disaster Med. 2017 Winter; 12(1):27-33
Lerner EB, Schwartz RB, McGovern JE. Prehospital Triage for Mass Casualties. Incident Planning and Response
Lee CW, McLeod SL, et al. First Responder Accuracy Using SALT during Mass-Casualty Incident Simulation. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. Vol 31, No. 2. 2016
Badiali S, Giugni A, Marcis L. Testing the START Triage Protocol: Can It Improve the Ability of Nonmedical Personnel to Better Triage Patients During Disasters and Mass Casualties Incidents? Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2017 Jun; 11(3):305-309
Cone DC, Serrra J, Kurland L. Comparison of the SALT and Smart triage systems using a virtual reality simulator with paramedic students. European J Emer Med. 2011
Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)-
UNDER CONSTRUCTION - UPDATES COMING SOON
Active Assailant-
The Hartford Consensus: Strategies To Enhance Survival in Active Shooter and International Mass Casualty Events: A Compendium. American College of Surgeons Bulletin; Volume 100, Number 15; September 2015
MARCHE Trauma Assessment-
"Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care". Joint Trauma System. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020
Dorlac WC, DeBakey ME, Holcomb JB, et al. Mortality from isolated civilian penetrating extremity injury. Journal of Trauma. 2005;59: 217-222.
Pre-Hospital Care of the Spine Injured Athlete-
Decker JE, et al; Field Care and Evaluation of the child or adolescent athlete with acute neck injury; UpToDate; February 2018
Leonard JC, et al; Pediatric Cervical Spine Motion Restriction; UpToDate; December 2017
DuBose DN, et al; Horizontal slide creates less cervical motion when centering an injured patient on a spine board; J Emerg Med; 2016;50(5):723-33
Swartz EE, et al; Prehospital cervical spine motion: immobilization versus spine motion restriction; Prehosp Emerg Care; 2018
Bowman TG, et al; Airway management in athletes wearing lacrosse equipment; J Athl Train; 2018
Jacobson, B, et. al; Cervical Spine Motion During Football Equipment Removal Protocols: A challenge to the All-or-Nothing Endeavor; J Athl Train; 2014;49(1):42-48
Morrissey JF, Kusel ER, Sporer KA. Spinal Motion Restriction: An Educational and Implementation Program to Redefine Prehospital Spinal Assessment and Care; Prehosp Emer Care; 2014; 18(3):429-432
Prasarn ML, Horodyski, M, DiPaola MJ, et.al. Controlled Laboratory Comparison Study of Motion with Football Equipment in a Destabilized Cervical Spine; Ortho J Sports Med; 2015; 3(9)
Shrier I, Ebissy P, Lebel K, et. al. Cervical Spine Motion During Transfer and Stabilization Techniques; Prehosp Emer Care; 2015;19(1):116-125
Boissy P, Shrier I Briere S, et.al. Effectiveness of Cervical Spine Immobilization Techniques; Clin J Sport Med; 2011; 21(2):80-88
Conrad BP, Marchese DL, Rechtine GR, et.al. Motion in the Unstable Cervical Spine When Transferring a Patient Positioned Prone to a Spine Board; J Athl Train; 2013;48(6):797-803
Conrad BP, Marchese DL, Rechtine GR, Horodyski MB. Motion in the unstable thoracolumbar spine when spine boarding a prone patient; J Spinal Cord Med; 2012;35(1):53-57
Horodyski M, DiPaola CP, Conrad BP, Rechtine GR. Cervical collars are insufficient for immobilizing an unstable cervical spine injury; J Emerg Med; 2011;41(5):513-519
Horodyski M, DiPaola CP, Conrad BP, Rechtine GR. Removing a patient from the spine board: is the lift and slide safer than the log roll? J Trauma. 2011;70:1282-1285
Kordecki M, Smith D, Hoogenboom B. The Riddell Ripkord System for Shoulder Pad Removal in a Cervical Spine Injured Athlete: A paradigm shift; Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011;6(2):142-149
Ivancic PC. Do cervical collars and cericothoracic orthoses effectively stabilize the injured cervical spine? Spine. 2013;38(13):767-774
Prasarn ML, Conrad B, Del Rossi G, et.al. Motion generated in the unstable cervical spine during the application and removal of cervical immobilization collars. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(6):1609-1613
Sundstrom T, Asbjornsen H, Habiba S, et.al. Prehospital use of cervical collars in trauma patients: a critical review. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31:531-540
Conrad BP, Marchese DL, Horodyski M. Motion in the unstable thoracolumbar spine when spine boarding a prone patient. J Spinal Cord Med. 2012;35(1):53-57
Prasarn ML, Horodyski M, Dubose D, et.al. Total motion generated in the unstable cervical spine during management of the typical trauma patient. Spine. 2012;37(11):937-942
Conrad BP, Del Rossi G, Horodyski MB, et.al. Eliminating log rolling as a spine trauma order. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3, Suppl S3:188-97
Bhamra JS, Morar Y, Khan WS, et.al. Cervical Spine Immobilization in Sports Related Injuries: Review of current guidelines and a case study of an injured athlete. Open Ortho J. 2012;6, Suppl 3:M9 548-552
Shrier I, Boissy P, Briere S, et.al. Can a rescuer or simulated patient accurately assess motion during cervical spine stabilization practice sessions? J Athl Train. 2012:47(1):42-51
Assenmacher B, Schroeder GD, Patel AA. On-Field Management of Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries. Oper Tech Sports Med; 2013;21:152-158
Hanson JR, Carlin B. Sports prehospital-immediate care and spinal injury: not a car crash in sight. Br J Sports Med; 2012;46:1097-1101
Ahn H, Singh J, Nathens A, et.al. Pre-Hospital care management of a potential spinal cord injured patient: A systematic review of the literature and evidence-based guidelines. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28:1341-1361
Bouland AJ, Jenkins JL, Levy MJ. Assessing attitudes toward spinal immobilization. J Emerg Med. 2013;45(4):e117-e125
Ellis J, Courson R, Daniels B. Spinal Trauma. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2014;7:381-386
White CC, Domeier RM, Millin MG, et.al. National Association of EMS Physicians and American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Position Statement: EMS Spinal Precautions and the use of the long backboard. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2):306-314
Swartz EE, Hernandez AE, Decoster LC, et.al. Prehospital emergency removal of football helmets using two techniques. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(2):166-74
Swartz EE, Milhalik JP, Decoster LC, et.al. A study of emergency American football helmet removal techniques. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Oct 24
Decoster LC, Burns MF, Swartz EE, et.al. Maintaining neutral sagittal cervical alignment after football helmet removal during emergency spine injury management. Spine. 2011;37(8):654-659
Del Rossi G, Rechtine GR, Conrad BP, Horodyski MB. Is sub-occipital padding necessary to maintain optimal alignment of the unstable spine in the prehospital setting? A preliminary report. J Emerg Med. 2013;45(3):366-371
Lenhardt CS. The effect of football shoulder pad removal technique and equipment removal training on cervical spine motion, time to task completion, and perceived task difficulty. Thesis- UNC- Chapel Hill. 2014
Swartz EE, Mihalik JP, Beltz NM, et.al. Face mask removal is safer than helmet removal for emergent airway access in American football. Spine J. 2014
Makowski A, Kordecki M. How to safely remove helmet and pads after a football injury. www.epmonthly.com
Anderson A, Tollefson B, Cohen R, et.al. A comparative study of American football helmet removal techniques using a cadaveric model of cervical spine injury. J Miss State Med Assoc. 2011;52(4):103-5
Del Rossi G, Bodkin D, Dhanai A, et.al. Protective athletic equipment slows initiation of CPR in simulated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2011;82:908-912
Uncontrolled Hemorrhage-
Pons PT, Jacobs L. Save a Life: What everyone should know to stop bleeding after an injury. American College of Surgeons. 2017
Kauvar DS, et al. Systematic review of prehospital tourniquet use in civilian limb trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;84: 819-825
Bulger, E. M., Snyder, D., Schoelles, K., Gotschall, C., Dawson, D., Lang, E., Sanddal, N. D., Butler, F. K., Fallat, M., Taillac, P., White, L., Salomone, J. P., Seifarth, W., Betzner, M. J., Johannigman, J., & McSwain, N. Jr. (2014). An evidence-based prehospital guideline for external hemorrhage control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehospital Emergency Care, 18(2), 163-173. doi:10.3109/10903127.2014.896962
Granville-Chapman, J., Jacobs, N., & Midwinter, M. J. (2011). Pre-hospital haemostatic dressings: A systematic review. Injury, 42(5), 447–459. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2010.09.037
Burkatovskaya, M., Tegos, G. P., Swietlik, E., Demidova, T. N., P Castano, A., & Hamblin, M. R. (2006). Use of chitosan bandage to prevent fatal infections developing from highly contaminated wounds in mice. Biomaterials, 27(22), 4157–4164. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.028
Kozen, B. G., Kircher, S. J., Henao, J., Godinez, F. S., & Johnson, A. S. (2008). An alternative hemostatic dressing: Comparison of CELOX, HemCon, and QuikClot. Academic Emergency Medicine, 15(1), 74-81. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2007.00009.x
Li, J., Cao, W., Lv, X. X., Jiang, L., Li, Y. J., Li, W. Z., Chen, S. Z., & Li, X. Y. (2013). Zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot releases calcium into blood and promotes blood coagulation in vitro. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 34(3), 367-372. doi:10.1038/aps.2012.159
Rall JM, Cox JM, Songer AG, et al. Comparison of novel hemostatic gauzes to QuikClot Combat Gauze in a standardized swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 75(2 Suppl 2):S150-6.
Satterly S, Nelson D, Zwintscher N, et al. Hemostasis in a noncompressible hemorrhage model: An end-user evaluation of hemostatic agents in a proximal arterial injury. J Surg Educ. 2013;70(2):206-11.
Watters JM, Van PY, Hamilton GJ, et al. Advanced hemostatic dressings are not superior to gauze for care under fire scenarios. J Trauma 2011;70:1413-18.
Schwartz RB, Reynolds BZ, Shiver SA, et al. Comparison of two packable hemostatic Gauze dressings in a porcine hemorrhage model. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011;15:477-482
Doyle GS, Taillac PP. Tourniquets: a review of current use with proposals for expanded prehospital use. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008 Apr-Jun;12(2):241-56.
Granville-Chapman, J., Jacobs, N., & Midwinter, M. J. (2011). Pre-hospital haemostatic dressings: A systematic review. Injury, 42(5), 447–459. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2010.09.037
Burkatovskaya, M., Tegos, G. P., Swietlik, E., Demidova, T. N., P Castano, A., & Hamblin, M. R. (2006). Use of chitosan bandage to prevent fatal infections developing from highly contaminated wounds in mice. Biomaterials, 27(22), 4157–4164. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.028
Lawton, G., Granville-Chapman, J., & Parker, P. (2009). Novel haemostatic dressings. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 155(4), 309-314 doi:10.1136/jramc-155-04-13
Kheirabadi, B. S., Mace, J. E., Terrazas, I. B., Fedyk, C. G., Estep, J. S., Dubick, M. A., & Blackbourne, L. H. (2010). Safety evaluation of new hemostatic agents, smectite granules, and kaolin-coated gauze in a vascular injury wound model in swine. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care, 68(2), 269–278. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181c97ef1
Li, J., Cao, W., Lv, X. X., Jiang, L., Li, Y. J., Li, W. Z., Chen, S. Z., & Li, X. Y. (2013). Zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot releases calcium into blood and promotes blood coagulation in vitro. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 34(3), 367-372. doi:10.1038/aps.2012.159
Littlejohn, L., Bennett, B. L., & Drew, B. (2015). Application of current hemorrhage control techniques for backcountry care: Part two, hemostatic dressings and other adjuncts [Article in Press]. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2014.08.018
Kenny Navarro , The Research Review,
http://www.ems1.com/Columnists/kenny-navarro/articles/2156227-When-to-use-hemostatic-agents-in-EMS/
Hasan, Hemorrhage Control in the Battlefield: Role of New Hemostatic Agents, MILITARY MEDICINE, 170, 1:63, 2005
Dorlac WC, DeBakey ME, Holcomb JB, et al. Mortality from isolated civilian penetrating extremity injury. Journal of Trauma. 2005;59: 217-222.
Kragh JF, Littrel ML, Jones JA, et al. Battle casualty survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop limb bleeding. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2009. Article in press.
Guillermo Gutierrez, H David Reines and Marian E Wulf-Gutierrez; Clinical review: Hemorrhagic shock:Critical Care 2004, 8:373-381
STOP the Bleed. American College of Surgeons (2017)
Pons PT, Jacobs L. Save a Life: What everyone should know to stop bleeding after an injury. American College of Surgeons. 2017
National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage: A Report of the FICEMS. Federal Interagency Committee on EMS. 2011
Exertional Heat Illnesses-
Casa DJ, et al; National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses; J Athl Train; 2015;50(9):986-100
Casa DJ; Csillan D; Preseason Heat-Acclimatization Guidelines for Secondary School Athletics; J Athl Train; 2009;44(3):332-333
Casa DJ, et al; Exertional Heat Stroke in Competitive Athletes; Current Sports Medicine Reports; 2005;4:309-317
Gagnon D, et al; Cold-Water Immersion and the Treatment of Hyperthermia: Using 38.6°C as a Safe Rectal Temperature Cooling Limit; J Athl Train; 2010;45(5):439-444
McDermott BP, et al; Acute Whole-Body Cooling for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Systematic Review; J Athl Train; 2009;44(1):84-93
Tan PMS, et al; Evaluation of Various Cooling Systems After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia; J Athl Train; 2017;52(2):108-116
Mazerolle SM, et al; Current Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Certified Athletic Trainers Regarding Recognition and Treatment of Exertional Heat Stroke; J Athl Train; 2010;45(2):170-180
Adams WM, et al; The timing of exertional heat stroke survival starts prior to collapse. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14:273-274
Casa DJ, et al. Survival strategy: acute treatment of exertional heat stroke. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:462
Armstrong LE, et al. Whole body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:355-358
Clements JM, et al. Ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion provide similar cooling rates in runners with exercise-induced hyperthermia. J Athl Train. 2002;37:146-150
Proulx CI, et al. Effect of water temperature on cooling efficiency during hyperthermia in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94:1317-1323
Sefton JM, et al; Evaluation of 2 Heat-Mitigation Methods in Army Trainees; J Athl Train; 2016;51(11):936-945
Cuttell SA, et al; A Comparison of 2 Practical Cooling Methods on Cycling Capacity in the Heat; J Athl Train; 2016;51(7):525-532
Miller KC, et al; Cold-Water Immersion for Hyperthermic Humans Wearing American Football Uniforms; J Athl Train; 2015;50(8):792-799
Miller KC, et al; Necessity of Removing American Football Uniforms From Humans With Hyperthermia Before Cold-Water Immersion; J Athl Train; 2015;50(12):1240-1246
Truxton TT; Miller KC; Can Temperate-Water Immersion Effectively Reduce Rectal Temperature in Exertional Heat Stoke Situations?: A Critically-Appraised Topic; J Sport Rehabil; 2016
Valdes AS, et al; National Collegiate Athletic Association Strength and Conditioning Coaches’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Prevention and Recognition of Exertional Heat Stroke; J Strength Cond Research; 2014;28(11):3013-3023
Grundstein A, et al; Regional Heat Safety Thresholds for Athletics in the Contiguous United States; Appl Geogr; 2014;56:55-60
Ganio MS, et al; Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat; J Athl Train; 2009;44(2):124-135
Hosokawa Y, et al; Comparison of Gastrointestinal and Rectal Temperatures During Recovery After a Warm-Weather Road Race; J Athl Train; 2016;51(50:382-388
Miller KC, et al; Validity of Core Temperature Measurements at 3 Rectal Depths During Rest, Exercise, Cold Water Immersion, and Recovery; J Athl Train;2017
National Athletic Trainers’ Association; Heat Stroke Treatment Authorization Form; 2012
McKenzie AL, et al; Accuracy of Urine Color to Detect Equal to or Greater Than 2% Body Mass Loss in Men; J Athl Train; 2015;50(12):1306-1309
Cooper ER, et al; Exertional Heat Illness in American Football Players: When Is the Risk Greatest?; J Athl Train; 2016;51(8):593-600
Grundstein AJ, et al; A retrospective analysis of American football hyperthermia deaths in the United States; Int J Biometeorol; 2012;56(1):11-20
Boden BP, et al; Fatalities in High School and College Football Players; Amer J Sport Med; 2013;41(5):1108-1116
Grundstein AJ, et al; American football and fatal exertional heat stroke: a case study of Korey Stringer; Int J Biometeorol; 2017
Schleich K, et al; Return to Play After Exertional Rhabdomyolysis; J Athl Train; 2016;51(5):406-409
Poussel M, et al; Exertional Heat Stroke and Susceptibility to Malignant Hyperthermia in an Athlete: Evidence for a Link? J Athl Train; 2015;50(11):1212-1214
Asplund CA; O’Connor FG; Challenging Return to Play Decisions: Heat Stroke, Exertional Rhabdomyolysis, and Exertional Collapse Associated With Sickle Cell Trait; Sports Health; 2015
O’Connor FG, et al; American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on Exertional Heat Stroke – Return to Duty / Return to Play: Conference Proceedings; Curr Sports Med Reports; 2010;9(5):314-321
Casa DJ, et al. the Inter-Association Task Force for Preventing Sudden Death in Secondary School Athletics Programs: best-practice recommendations. J Athl Train; 2013;48(4):546-553
Kerr ZY, et al; Epidemiology of exertional heat illness among US High school athletes. Am J Prev Med; 2013;44(1):8-14
Casa DJ, et al; Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat; J Athl Train; 2007;42(3):333-342
Gagnon D, et al; Aural canal, esophageal, and rectal temperatures during exertional heat stress and the subsequent recovery period. J Athl Train; 2010;45(2):157-163
Huggins R, et al; Comparison of rectal and aural core body temperature thermometry in Hyperthermic, exercising individuals: a meta-analysis; J Athl Train; 2012;47(3):329-338
Ronneberg K, et al; Temporal artery temperature measurements do not detect Hyperthermic marathon runners; Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2008;40(8):1373-1375
Cleary M; Predisposing risk factors on susceptibility to exertional heat illness: clinical decision making considerations; J Sport Rehabil; 2007;16(3):204-214
DeMartini JK, et al; Effectiveness of cold water immersion in the treatment of exertional heat stroke at the Falmouth Road Race; Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2015;47(2):240-245
Pryor RR, et al; Exertional Heat Stroke: strategies for prevention and treatment from the sports field to the emergency department. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med; 2013;14(4):267-278
McDermott BP, et al; Recovery and Return to Activity Following Exertional Heat Stroke: Considerations for the Sports Medicine Staff; J Sport Rehabil; 2007;16:163-181
Adams WM, et al; An Exertional Heat Stroke Survivor’s Return to Running: An Integrated Approach on Treatment, Recovery, and Return to Activity; J Sport Rehabil; 2016;25:280-287
Casa DJ et al; Immersion Treatment for Exertional Hyperthermia: Cold or Temperate Water?; Med Sci Sport Exerc; 2010;42(7):1246-1252
Armstrong LE, et al; American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: Exertional Heat Illness during Training and Competition; Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2007;39:556-572
Casa DJ, et al; Cold Water Immersion: The Gold Standard for Exertional Heatstroke Treatment; Exerc. Sport Sci Rev; 2007;35(3): 141-149
Nye EA, et al; Optimizing Cold-Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: An Evidence-Based Paper; J Athl Train; 2016;51(6):500-501
Yeargin S, et al; Physiological and Perceived Effects of Forearm or Head Cooling During Simulated Firefighting Activity and Rehabilitation; J Athl Train; 2016;51(11):927-935
Luhring KE, et al; Cooling Effectiveness of a Modified Cold-Water Immersion Method After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia; J Athl Train; 2016;51(11):946-951
Hosokawa Y, et al; Tarp-Assisted Cooling as a Method of Whole-Body Cooling in Hyperthermic Individuals; Annal Emerg Med; 2017;69(3):347-352
Georgia Independent School Association (GISA) Heat Illness Guidelines (http://www.gisaschools.org/athletics/gisa-heat-policy/)
Sitzler B; Have you taken the Heat Safety Pledge? NATA News; April 2016
Korey Stringer Institute; 5 Pillars of Exertional Heat Stroke Prevention
Korey Stringer Institute; 3 Pillars of Exertional Heat Stroke Survival
Korey Stringer Institute; Practical Guidelines for Implementing Cold Water Immersion For an Exertional Heat Stroke Patient
Korey Stringer Institute; How to Respond to an Exertional Heat Stroke Emergency
Opioid Overdose / Abuse Prevention, Management, & Recovery-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). Atlanta, GA: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2019. Available at: http://wonder.cdc.gov
The President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis, November 2017. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Final_Report_Draft_11-15-2017.pdf
Hainline B, Derman W, Vernec A, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(17):1245-1258.
Matava M, Brater DC, Gritter N, et al. Recommendations of the national football league physician society task force on the use of toradol(®) ketorolac in the national football league. Sports Health. 2012;4(5):377-83.
National Safety Council. (2016). Prescription Nation: Addressing America’s Drug Epidemic. Available at: http://www.nsc.org/RxDrugOverdoseDocuments/Prescription-Nation-2016-American-Drug-Epidemic.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers --- United States, 1999—2008. MMWR 2011; 60(43);1487-1492.
Chang H, Daubresse M, Kruszewski S, et al. Prevalence and treatment of pain in emergency departments in the United States, 2000 – 2010. Amer J of Emergency Med 2014; 32(5): 421-31.
Daubresse M, Chang H, Yu Y, Viswanathan S, et al. Ambulatory diagnosis and treatment of nonmalignant pain in the United States, 2000 – 2010. Medical Care 2013; 51(10): 870-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a95d86
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National Institute on Drug Abuse: DrugFacts: Fentanyl. June 2016. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl
National Institute on Drug Abuse: DrugFacts: Heroin. June 2018. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroin
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Cottler LB, Ben abdallah A, Cummings SM, Barr J, Banks R, Forchheimer R. Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL) players. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;116(1-3):188-94.
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Inocencio TJ, Carroll NV, Read EJ, Holdford DA. The economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States. Pain Med. 2013;14(10):1534-47.
Coffin PO, Sullivan SD. Cost-effectiveness of distributing Naloxone to heroin users for lay overdose reversal in Russian cities. J Med Econ. 2013;16(8):1051-60.
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National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Drugs and human performance fact sheets. April 2004. Available at: https://www.wsp.wa.gov/breathtest/docs/webdms/DRE_Forms/Publications/drug/Human_Performance_Drug_Fact_Sheets-NHTSA.pdf
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Airway Management-
Gerstein NS, Carey MC, Braude DA, et.al. Efficacy of facemask ventilation techniques in novice providers. J Clin Anes. 2012;25:193-197
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Otten D, Liao MM, Wolken R. Comparison of bag-valve-mask hand-sealing techniques in a simulated model. Annals Emerg Med. 2014;63(1):6-15
Lankimaki S, et.al Feasibility of LMA Supreme for airway management in unconscious patients by ALS paramedics. Scand J Trauma, Resuscitation, Emerg Med. 2015;23
Roth D, Hafner C, Aufmesser W, et.al. Safety and feasibility of the laryngeal tube when used by EMTs during out of hospital cardiac arrest. Amer J Emerg Med. 2015;33:1050-1055
Janig C, Wenzel J, Konig J, Piepho T. Airway management techniques in a restricted-access situation: a manikin study. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015;
Saeedi M, Hajiseyedjavadi H, Seyedhosseini J, et.al. Comparison of endotracheal intubation, combitube, and laryngeal mask airway between inexperienced and experienced emergency medical staff: a manikin study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014;4(4):303-308
Schalte G, Stoppe C, Aktas M, et.al. Laypersons can successfully place supraglottic airways with 3 minutes of training. A comparison of four different devices in the manikin. Scand J Trauma, Resuscitation, Emerg Med. 2011;19:60
Delaney JS, Al-Kashmiri A, Baylis PJ, et.al. The assessment of airway maneuvers and interventions in University Canadian football, ice hockey, and soccer players. J Athl Train. 2011;46(2):117-125
Splinting / Immobilization-
Chesser TJ, Cross AM, Ward AJ. The use of pelvic binders in the emergent management of potential pelvic trauma. Injury. 2012;43:667–9.
Hauschild O, et al. Mortality in patients with pelvic fractures: results from the German pelvic injury register. J Trauma. 2008;64(2):449-55. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31815982b1.
Lee C, Porter K. The prehospital management of pelvic fractures. Emerg Med J. 2007;24:130–3.
Papakostidis C, Giannoudis PV. Pelvic ring injuries with haemodynamic instability: efficacy of pelvic packing, a systematic review. Injury. 2009;40(Suppl 4):S53–61.
Porteous W. Splinting, bandaging and immobilization techniques and devices: a guide for education & competency. Retrieved February 13, 2016
Runcie H, Greene M. Femoral traction splints in mountain rescue prehospital care: to use or not to use? That is the question. Wilderness Environ Med. 2015;26(3):305-11. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.01.006. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Scott I, et al. The prehospital management of pelvic fractures: initial consensus statement. Emerg Med J. 2013 Dec;30(12):1070-2. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-203211.
Simon RR, Koenigsknecht SJ, eds. Emergency Orthopedics: The Extremities. Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton and Lange; 1995:3–20.
Wood SP, Vrahas M, Wedel SK. Femur fracture immobilization with traction splints in multisystem trauma patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7(2):241–243.
Pharmacology-
UNDER CONSTRUCTION - UPDATES COMING SOON
CPR-
UNDER CONSTRUCTION - UPDATES COMING SOON
Mental Health-
UNDER CONSTRUCTION - UPDATES COMING SOON
Miscellaneous-
UNDER CONSTRUCTION - UPDATES COMING SOON