Basic achievements in the development of the method of intersectoral balance belong to: Vladimir Dmitriev - Russian economist (1904); to Vasily Leontiev - American economist, Nobel Prize winner for the theory of "Costs-Output" (1973); to Nikolai Veduta - a Soviet cybernetics economist who developed a unique dynamic model of intersectoral balance (1971); to Elena Veduta is a Russian economist who developed a dynamic model of intersectoral balance as a digital twin of the economy (2016).
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The «cost-release» method discovered by scientists formed the basis for strategic planning and public administration on the information that was available at each stage of development.
The Scientific School of Strategic Planning N.I. Veduta has developed a system for collecting intersectoral information in real time, which provided it with a leading world position in building a digital twin of the economy. The main approaches are implemented and successfully applied by the Federal Tax Service of Russia.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE IDEA
CROSS-INDUSTRY BALANCE PRACTICE
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VLADIMIR DMITRIEV
V. Dmitriev made an attempt to combine the ideas of the classics of political economy and marginalism, labor theory of value and the theory of marginal utility. On "Economic Essays" - his main scientific work - he began to work in the senior courses of the Faculty of Law. In 1898, the first part of "Economic Essays. Issue one. D. Ricardo's Theory of Value (Experience in Precision Analysis). " With this work, he declared himself as the first Russian economist-mathematics.
In 1902 he published a continuation of his scientific work "Economic Essays": "Essay II. Theory of Competition O. Kurno" and "Essay III. Theory of Marginal Utility."
In 1904, all three previously published economic essays were published as a separate book, Economic Essays. (Series 1: Experience in the organic synthesis of value theory and marginal utility theory). " The author intended to prepare another series of three essays: on the theory of rent, industrial crises and monetary circulation.
Ricardo Dmitriev combined the theory of labor costs with the concept of marginal utility, which allowed him to connect wages and profits, to create his own theory of prices, which are set equal to the cost of production. Dmitriev was one of the first to propose technological coefficients and proposed a method for calculating the total labor costs.
VASILY LEONTIEV
In 1931, Vasily Vasilievich moved to the United States to work at the National Bureau of Economic Research and accepts American citizenship.
Leontiev's first major work, "The Structure of the American Economy," consolidated his innovative position in the field of macroeconomic regulation and priority in the development of a model of intersectoral balance sheet. In 1939, working together with D. Evans, V.V. Leontiev included in his model the position of "households" as a specific industry producing services, added non-manufacturing industries that received great development in the economies of Western countries. Since that time, the Leontyev model has taken on a modern look and is widely used in macroeconomic research.
In 1960, at the Faculty of Economics of Leningrad State University, she received the "right of citizenship" a new specialty, which had no analogues in other universities of the country, "Economic Cybernetics." The initiative to create a department of the same name largely belonged to academician V.V. Leontiev. The principles developed by V.V. Leontiev are used in the practice of forecasting and programming the economy, the ratio of possible changes in taxes, wages, prices and profits. (A similar department at Moscow State University was opened only in 1962).
Leontiev's success in applying cost-output models of economic analysis is largely due to his outstanding abilities as a broad-based economist with diverse interests in many fields, such as, for example, international trade theory, monopoly theory, econometrics. In 1973, Vasily Leontyev was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for the development of the cost-output method and for its application to important economic problems." His Nobel speech was a kind of final character, summing up a kind of balance under the work that he was engaged in as part of the Harvard project. This explains its epic name - "The Structure of the World Economy."
Also one of the first economists concerned about the impact of economic activity on the quality of the environment, Leontiev cited in his Nobel lecture a simple "cost-output" model related to the world ecology, in which environmental pollution clearly appeared as an independent sector. "In less developed countries," he concluded, "the introduction of mitigating activities of strict standards against environmental pollution... will cause an increase in employment, although it will require some sacrifices in the field of consumption. "
NIKOLAY VEDUTA
Since the late 1950s. N.I. Veduta worked closely with scientists of the Central Economic and Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences - academicians V.S. Nemchinov, N.Ya. Petrakov, N.P. Fedorenko, S.S. Shatalin, professor V.V. Novozhilov and others in the formation and development of the economic and mathematical direction in the USSR. In his doctoral dissertation, he pays special attention to modeling the method of successive approximations, imitating the practice of management, which was the development of the method of "costs - output" by V. Leontyev for the purposes of effective economic management.
In studies "On the economic efficiency of capital investments in industry" (1960), "Economic efficiency of new technology" (1964), etc. N.I. Veduta paid special attention to the problems of increasing the efficiency of public production, labor productivity, rational placement of productive forces, specialization and cooperation. Constructing a centralized (mixed) economy based on domestic and foreign experience, N.I. Veduta developed a dynamic model of intersectoral balance, involving the inclusion of market impact (equilibrium prices) on determining the proportions of the plan.
The principles of combining plan and market, to optimize economic management, were outlined by him in the book "Economic Cybernetics" (1971).
The last book of N.I. Veduta "Socially Effective Economy" (1998) contains the basics of the national accounting system for calculating a strategic plan, as well as mathematical tools for conducting specific calculations on drawing up a state development trajectory.
The hero of the Soviet Union, Army General V.I. Varennikov in his seven-volume book "Unique" mentions Nikolai Veduta as a person who contributed to world economic thought. Professor, Doctor of Economics N. Kuznetsov believed that the dynamic model of the intersectoral balance of N. Veduta is a scientific mechanism that stands over ideology.
According to Dr. V.N. Komkova, Veduta was the founder of the school of economic and mathematical modeling in Belarus and the founder of economic cybernetics in Belarusian economic science.
ELENA VEDUTA
The pinnacle of economic cybernetics at this stage of development is the work and scientific activity of Professor, Doctor of Economics Elena Veduta.
In 2000, Veduta worked as acting director of the Center for Strategic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation. In 2002, Veduta headed the laboratory of strategic problems of market economics at the Institute of Market Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, later she is a leading researcher at the IPR RAS. Head of the Center for the Development of a Socially Effective Strategy at the Institute of Market Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of National Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after G.V. Plekhanov, participant in the program "Improving Socio-Economic Education in Universities."
In 2001, Veduta became a professor at the Department of Economic Policy, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University. In 2003, students began to be admitted to the department: the curriculum was developed under the guidance of academician Nikolai Petrakov and Elena Veduta. Subsequently, Veduta - Deputy Head of the Department of Economic Policy, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University. Lomonosov, Deputy Head of the Educational Program of Economic Policy.
Veduta's area of scientific interest is economic cybernetics, strategy and economic policy of the state and corporate structures; forecasting scenarios in the development of the global economy; theoretical and applied studies on national accounting systems (SNA), as well as an examination of proposals for reforming the economies of Russia, the CIS countries, the EU, the Asia-Pacific region, Arab countries and America to identify possible strategies for the economic and social development of states and interstate blocs. At the Faculty of National Economics, ANH Veduta taught the courses "Methods of Research and Modeling of the National Economy" and "Forecasting of the National Economy," and at Moscow State University - "Economic Policy," "Strategic Planning," "State Economic Strategies," "National Accounting for Strategic Planning." Veduta - Doctor of Economics, Professor. In addition, she has a diploma of 91.2534. London Open College Federation. Сourse of Programme «Moving on: English for Speakers of other languages», Kingsway College12 Credits at Level. She is the author of a large number of teaching aids for universities, including "Strategy and Economic Policy of the State" (2004), "State Economic Strategies" (1998), as well as numerous publications. In 2003, Veduta became a laureate of the competition for the best support of the educational process of the Russian Academy of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov.
Now
Elena Nikolaevna Veduta - Director of the Scientific School of Strategic Planning N.I. Veduta, Head of the Section "Artificial Intelligence in Economics" of the Scientific Council for the Methodology of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Strategic Planning and Economic Policy, Faculty of State Administration of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.
An outstanding achievement of world economic thought was the work "Intersectoral-intersectoral balance: a mechanism for strategic planning of the economy," on the basis of which a textbook for higher educational institutions was published, and which can serve as a practical guide for senior leaders of states.
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