A study conducted in 1971 by Edward L. Deci found that an individual's sense of intrinsic motivation is often negatively affected by reward-based conditions. Within this study, participants were given a puzzle to complete - one group was paid to do so, the other was not. The participants were observed during breaks between the times that were allocated to complete the puzzle, and the group who were not paid spent more time on the puzzle when it was not required. It can be assumed that the participants who were paid completed the puzzle for the reward, whereas the unpaid group completed it for the satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.