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Philo of Alexandria- claims that Moses learned mathematics from the Egyptians, astronomy and astrology from the Chaldeans, and other subjects from the Greeks. He says that Moses advanced beyond his teachers, leading them to learn from him instead. Philo believed the Greeks such as Heraclitus took ideas from Mosaic law.
"Palaistinê" was used by Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century BCE to describe the wider region between Phoenicia and Egypt. In The Histories, he refers to the inhabitants as "Syrians of Palestine" or "Phoenicians/Syrians who dwell in Palestine". He mentions they practice circumcision.
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The Greeks referred to Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant region after the Assyrian empire fell. Before that time it would have historically known as Aram.
The word "Syria" is a Latinized, shortened version of the Ancient Greek name Συρία (Suría), which originated as a mispronunciation or truncation of "Assyria".
The Huqoq mosaics are a series of 1,600-year-old, "exceptionally vibrant" floor mosaics discovered in a Late Roman/Byzantine-period synagogue in Israel’s Galilee by Dr. Jodi Magness of UNC-Chapel Hill starting in 2011. Known for their high quality and unique, often first-of-their-kind, biblical and non-biblical depictions, these mosaics challenge previous understandings of Jewish art in that era, suggesting a rich, diverse visual culture.
Red hair, fisherman, the fish with a spiral snake recalling Asherah Poles of ancient YHWY female healer - nature washing away pain
Key Discoveries and Scenes:
Samson Cycle: Multiple scenes depicting Samson with foxes and carrying the gates of Gaza (Judges 15, 16).
Biblical Scenes: Includes Noah’s Ark, the parting of the Red Sea, Jonah being swallowed by fish (a sequence of three), and the Tower of Babel.
Female Heroines: Earliest known depictions of Deborah and Jael, showing the story of Judges 4.
Non-Biblical Events: A rare scene depicting a meeting between Alexander the Great and a Jewish high priest.
Other Features: A Helios-zodiac cycle, scenes of daily life, and Hebrew/Aramaic inscriptions, including promises of rewards for good deeds
Ancient Greek lyric poet Pindar (c. 518–438 BCE)
Pindar’s poetry, particularly his odes (e.g., Pythian 8), shares a focus on the transience of human life, the limitation of mortal power, and the dominance of divine will, which echoes themes found in the Old Testament book of Ecclesiastes.
"God" vs. "Gods": While Pindar is a polytheist, his later poems sometimes express a more unified, lofty view of divinity, focusing on a single, supreme Power, which some, particularly in early Christianity, saw as a potential parallel to monotheistic thought.
"Law is King": Pindar famously stated that "Law (Nomos) is king of all," which parallels the Old Testament's emphasis on divine law governing human life.
2. Early Christian Interpretations
Early Church Fathers: Early Christian writers and apologists sometimes utilized Pindar's ethical and religious sentiments to bridge the gap between Greek philosophy and Christian theology, finding "divine truths" in his work that aligned with their own.
Pindar and the "Demiurge": Some early Christian literature uses Pindar's stories (such as his retelling of the Pelops myth) as a way of discussing the concept of the Creator (Demiurge).
3. Literary and Historical Separation
Different Worlds: Pindar was a Boeotian poet celebrating victory in Panhellenic athletic games (the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian games) and defending aristocratic values.
“The name Palestine was used by ancient Egyptians and Assyrians, classic Greek writers, Romans, Christian Byzantines and Medieval Arabs."
The name has been manifested in
"Semitic and European languages.. throughout the ancient, medieval and modern history of the region."
By Professor Nur Masala in "PALESTINE A FOUR THOUSAND YEAR HISTORY."
Rhodes has maintained a Jewish community since antiquity, with documented presence potentially tracing back to the early Hellenistic or late Classical period (roughly 5th century BC). While early evidence is sparse, a 142 BC Roman decree lists the Jewish community in Rhodes as already established, marking it as one of the oldest in Greece.
Key Evidence and Historical Notes:
Ancient Presence: The Jewish Virtual Library notes that a Jewish community existed in Rhodes at least by the end of the Hellenistic period, though some historical narratives cite earlier, traditional, or less documented roots in the 5th century BC.
Roman Era Recognition: A formal decree issued by the Roman senate in 142 BC confirms a Jewish presence by listing Rhodes as a place where the treaty of friendship with Judea was recognized.
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