The Cold War and Red Scare
America as a world power
The Vietnam War
The Great Society
The African American civil rights movement
Youth Culture in the 1960s
🔵 1948 Berlin Airlift
🟢 1950-1953 Korean War
⭐ 1954 Brown v. Board of Education
⭐ 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott
1957 Sputnik
🟢 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion
🟢 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
⭐ 1964 Civil Rights Act
1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
⭐ 1965 Voting Rights Act
🔵 1968 Tet Offensive
1969 Moon Landing
⭐ 1973 End of Vietnam War
1980 Ronald Reagan Elected President
Dust Bowl
🔵 Court Packing Plan
Battle of Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Battle of Iwo Jima
Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of the Bulge
Four Freedoms
⭐ Neutrality Acts
Lend-Lease Act
Flying Tigers
Bataan Death March
🟢 Rosie the Riveter
GI Bill
🟢 Bracero Program
🟢 Tuskegee Airmen
🔵 Zoot Suit Riots
🟢 Executive Order 9066
🟢 Korematsu v. U.S.
🟢 Truman Doctrine
⭐ Containment
⭐ Marshall Plan
⭐ NATO
Dixiecrats
Jackie Robinson
🔵 Hollywood Ten
🔵 Verona Papers
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
🟢 McCarthyism
⭐ Great Society
Kerner Report
🔵 Black Power
🟢 The Feminine Mystique
🟢 Bay of Pigs Invasion
⭐ Domino Theory
Military-Industrial Complex
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
🔵 Tet Offensive
⭐ Vietnamization
Gideon v. Wainwright
Griswold v. Connecticut
Engel v. Vitale
Baker v. Carr
🔵 Kent State Massacre
Berlin Airlift: Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War.
Korean War: First "hot war" of the Cold War. The Korean War began when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate.
Brown v Board of Education: Ruled that segregation in the public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. This would reverse the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson case that allowed separate but equal facilities. Desegregation must go ahead at deliberate speed.
Montgomery Bus Boycott: After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. Following, MLK jr led by a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court rules that segregation of public transportation was illegal thanks to Parks and King.
Sputnik: Was the first artificial satellite launched into space by any country; this feat was achieved by Soviet Union during Cold War era.
Bay of Pigs Invasion: An American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans.
Cuban Missile Crisis: An incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.
Civil Rights Act: Sought to undo the damage of Jim Crow policies, outlawing segregation in public spaces and employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin. Commonly referred to as "protected classes" in legal debates.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression" by the communist government of North Vietnam.
Voting Rights Act: Removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning all poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting. Segregationists attempted to prevent the implementation of federal civil rights legislation at the local level.
Tet Offensive: The Vietcong launched an all-out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam. The U.S. military counterattacked and inflicted heavy losses on the Vietcong and recovered the lost territory.
Moon Landing: Astronaut Neil Armstrong and Colonel Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. became the first people to walk on the moon; televised landing.
End of Vietnam War: The South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese, who reunited the country under Communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, ending the Vietnam War.
Ronal Reagan Elected President: Reagan's landslide election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Definition: Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade.
Significance: Left many farmers without work or substantial wages.
Definition: President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.
Significance: FDR hoped to add additional justices to the Supreme Court that would be more favorable to New Deal court cases.
Definition: Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides; Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank U.S. carrier Lexington; Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia.
Significance: It was the world's first carrier v. carrier battle and the first naval battle in which neither side's ship sighted the other.
Definition: U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers.
Significance: It marked a turning point in World War II.
Definition: Invasion of the first Japanese home island.
Significance: Known for fierce fighting and the famous photograph.
Definition: Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into Soviet Union.
Significance: Each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war.
Definition: December, 1944 - January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
Significance: Marked the last German offensive on the Western Front.
Definition: Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear.
Significance: Used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if load was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured.
Definition: 4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the U.S. out of international incidents.
Significance: This act limited U.S. involvement in future wars.
Definition: Allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S..
Significance: Had given Roosevelt virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid to the war effort in Europe without violating the position of neutrality.
Definition: Americans who volunteered to serve as pilots fighting the Japanese in China prior to the U.S. entering the war.
Significance: Succeeded in protecting the Chinese capital and fought the Japanese over China.
Definition: Japanese forced about 60,000 of Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way.
Significance: It showed Filipinos suffering disproportionately compared to U.S. troops
Definition: A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories.
Significance: It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.
Definition: Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations.
Significance: It was a powerful support for veterans transitioning to a peacetime economy.
Definition: United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico.
Significance: The program stimulated emigration from Mexico.
Definition: 332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.
Significance: They were the first African American soldiers to successfully complete their training and enter the Army Air Corps.
Definition: A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stations in the cities and Latinos.
Significance: Illustrated how unrelated social pressures can expose and inflame long suppressed racism into violence even in a city as racially diverse as L.A..
Definition: 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses.
Significance: Authorized the military to exclude any persons from areas of the U.S. designated as military areas.
Definition: 1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.
Significance: It was the first time the Court created a separate standard of review for a law utilizing a suspect classification.
Definition: Stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefor it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere.
Significance: It was an early example of application of "containment" doctrine - that the U.S. would take action to stop spread of communism. Some see this as beginning of Cold War.
Definition: American policy of resisting further expansion of Communism around the world.
Significance: Helped define American policy for many decades during the Cold War.
Definition: A plan that the U.S. came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to Western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go Communist.
Significance: Helped contain Communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from U.S. businesses to rebuild.
Definition: (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military alliance of the United States, the Western European countries, and Canada.
Significance: It was considered a deterrent to Soviet aggression in Europe, with an attack on one NATO nation to be considered as an attack on all members.
Definition: Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights.
Significance: They caused a split in the Democratic party.
Definition: The first African American player in the major league of baseball.
Significance: His actions helped bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
Definition: Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communism influence in Hollywood.
Significance: It added even more pressure on others to cooperate with the committee.
Definition: The secret effort by U.S. to gather and decode messages sent by Soviet Union agents.
Significance: Exposed Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and helps give indisputable evidence of their involvement with the Soviet spy ring.
Definition: Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
Significance: Caused a lot of nationwide disagreement and controversy.
Definition: The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Significance: People felt a pressure to conform to avoid suspicion and many of the accused lost their jobs or were being blacklisted.
Definition: President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program from Great Society.
Significance: In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
Definition: This commission, chaired by Otto Kerner, decided that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.
Significance: Founded that the riots resulted from black frustration at the lack of economic opportunity.
Definition: A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcom X.
Significance: It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.
Definition: Written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men.
Significance: Said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities.
Definition: Failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.
Significance: Had a lasting impact on the Kennedy administration and revealed the lengths in which the United States would take things.
Definition: A theory that is one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Significance: It gave the U.S. justification in their involvement in the Vietnam War and intervention in other parts of the world.
Definition: Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
Significance: Allowed others to recognize how they were so focused on the war and ignored many significant problems going on elsewhere.
Definition: 1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam.
Significance: Gave Lyndon B. Johnson authority to increase U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
Definition: A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.
Significance: It was a turning point in the war as the U.S. recognized they were not going to win so it was the beginning of the end of the war.
Definition: President Richard Nixon strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces.
Significance: Was meant to begin the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops.
Definition: Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
Significance: Guaranteeing the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in federal and state courts.
Definition: Married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment.
Significance: It established the right of privacy through 4th and 9th amendment.
Definition: The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.
Significance: It struck down prayer in public schools.
Definition: Case that established one man one vote. This decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state.
Significance: This decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state.
Definition: Four killed, nine wounded by Ohio National Guard during protest of U.S. invasion of Cambodia.
Significance: Affected public opinion about the role of the U.S. in the Vietnam War and support decreased.
Flying food and supplied to blockaded West Berlin.
First "hot war" of the Cold War. North Korea was backed by the Soviets and South Korea was backed by the United States.
Ruled that segregation in public schools was unequal and thus unconstitutional. Revered the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Rose Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus.
First artificial satellite launched into space. It was achieved by the Soviet Union.
American attempt to overthrow the communist government in Cuba by sending trained rebels. Americans got caught.
Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba and tensions were increased.
Sought to undo the damage of Jim Crow Laws.
Authorized Lyndon B. Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks" by the communist government of North Vietnam.
Removed barriers like poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measurements that prevented African Americans from voting.
Vietcong launged an attack on South Vietnam. The U.S. military counterattacked and recovered the lost territory.
First people walked onto the moon which was televised and a victory for the United States.
South Vietnam fell to the North Vietnam Communist rule.
Almost everyone voted Reagan and had a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs that had previously dominated.
Region of the Great Plains which left many farmers without work or substantial wages.
FDR failed to increase the number of Supreme Court Justices in order to save his 2nd New Deal program.
Japan won tactical victory because they sank the Lexington and Americans claimed strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia.
U.S. naval victory over Japanese fleet which marked a turning point in World War II.
Invasion of the first Japanese home island.
Unsuccessful German attack during World War II but Germany's defeat marked a turning point in the war.
Marked the last German offensive on the Western Front.
Speech, religion, want, from fear. Used to FDR to justify a loan from Britain.
Laws designed to keep U.S. out of international incidents. Limited involvement in future wars.
Allowed sales or loans of war materials to other countries which gave Roosevelt unlimited authority to direct material aid to the war effort in Europe.
Americans who volunteered to serve as pilots which succeeded in protecting China.
Japanese forced Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water.
Propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories.
Helped returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations.
Recruited farm and railroad workers from Mexico which stimulated emigration from Mexico.
African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.
Riots in Los Angeles between White soldiers and Latinos.
Japanese Americans were forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses.
The Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.
The U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist communist movements.
American policy of resisting further expansion of Communism around the world.
Plan to revive war-torn economies of Europe. Helped contain Communism in Europe and helped our economy.
Military alliance of the U.S., Western Europe, and Canada. Deterred Soviet aggression in Europe as one attack on a NATO nation meant all would attack back.
Southern Democrats opposed Truman's position on civil rights.
First African American player in MLB. Helped bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
People in the film industry were jailed for refusing to answer questions regarding Communism influence in Hollywood.
The secret effort by U.S. to gather and decode messages sent by Soviet Union agents. Exposed the Rosenbergs.
Arrested and executed because they were convicted of conspiring to m=commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
McCarthy led the search for Communists in America and people felt pressured to conform to avoid suspicion.
Johnson's version of the Democratic reform program. This included Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
Decided that race riots were due to the formation of the two different American cultures of inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness used by Malcom X.
Described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men.
Failed invasion of Cuba which had a lasting impact on the Kennedy administration.
If one nations comes under Communist control, the neighboring nations will also come under Communist control which justified their involvement in the Vietnam War.
Eisenhower feared that combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
Authorized Johnson to take military action in Vietnam.
Surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and was a turning point in the war.
Nixon's strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War with a gradual withdrawal of troops.
Guarantees the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in court.
Established the right of privacy.
It stuck down prayer in public schools.
Created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state.
Ohio National Guard killed 4 and wounded 9 during a protest and affected public opinion about the role of the U.S. in the Vietnam War and support decreased.