900-600MYA

~825-750:530MYA\

◊NOTE\ Perhaps an excerpt from a good-book can explain these times…

“Rodinia is barraged by superplumes, which caused a great, and deep, fracture within her. She would try to hold it together, but this would, periodically, persevere for over a hundred-million years, liberating hydrobodies, ping-ponging cratons, and slowly, create slush-like conditions, as most masses, bit-by-bit, pilgrim and migrate to the S.Pole,…their loss would weaken the conjoined bodies of Pharusian and Goiás, who would both, soon, succumb to the orogenesis of The Pan-African Belts, and be no more.”

The Pan-African Belt being spoken of was a major geological event that spanned for hundreds of millions of years, which aided in fusing many land-masses.

+^~600MYA\according to J.Shelton of Yale, this illustration shows, on the:

(1) left- the existence of the supercontinent Pannotia, and

(2) right- the continents in fragments; but Avalonia and Laurentia have moved away much more.

◊NOTE\ Be aware that the pictures are centered on different portions of the planet, use the equator to center yourself. The unnamed portions, that lay left from the corner of Congo(CO)-SanFrancisco(SF) and West Africa (WAF), are the: Sahara, Arabian, and Nubian regions, the S.A.N.; one wonders why they seem to be the only ones unnamed; but leave those speculations for another day.

+The Pan-African Orogeny, along with the Kibaran-Grenville-Dalslandian, KGD-Orogeny, makes up the largest known systems of orogenesis’ of earth, the amount of the continental crust that formed during the Pan-African and KDG orogenies makes the Neoproterozoic Era, the period of this planet’s history that produced the most, earth, aka continental crust, thus far.

+The pattern becomes clear, a wide-span of researchers, academics, and even most scholars agree, Arabia and Madagascar were attached to Africa, for over hundreds of millions of years. Another randomly selected publication, due to its very well put-together presentation, is by J.A.Winchester et al., 2002, {https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Fig-4-Sketch-reconstruction-of-continental-distribution-in-the-Early-Cambrian-at-520-Ma_fig3_249551207}, in which they happen illustrate the tri-conjoined motions of Africa, Arabia, and Madagascar, through the Eras, Periods, Epochs, and Ages.

+~>600MYA\late-Proterozoic reconstruction of Pannotia. These greyscale reconstructions by ​​Winchester et al., 2002, illustrate the continental distributions over the course of millions of years. None of the pictures are their entirety, one will have to see their publication for that, this is editing to bring everything between Kalahari, Arabia, and West Africa into view; [1/6].

+The point carries on, and the breakup of Rodinia coincided with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean, which aided in the assembly of Gondwana, and helped cause the East African Orogeny when East and West Gondwana collided. The aforementioned Arabian and Nubian regions, of the S.A.N, is only half of a grander collision zone called the East African Orogeny, the EAO, stretches toward the Mozambique Belt, and is all just a subset of the even bigger, Pan-African Orogeny, which also includes the Damara Orogeny, the latter occurred late in the creation of Gondwana ~580–550MYA, by suturing the cratons of Congo-São Francisco and Kalahari-Río de la Plata, but the EAO would keep growing until ~300MYA.

◊NOTE\ Perhaps another excerpt from that good-book can, with all its poetic inclinations, explain this orogenesis, in a different way…

“~550—In Pannotia’s final mission to press the S.Pole, she exterminated any ancient bodies in her path, but Baltica had bore new bodies within an arch of The Great Gondwanas, and soon hard-shelled animals would start to appear, in a kind of, Cambrian Explosion. Meanwhile, in a Gondwanan intra-craton orogeny, Kuunga–Damara’s forces thrusts Africa into being. Very small, and few, masses are in Cancer. Orbis had grown hotter, and the poles were capless, leaving regions to become flooded with shallow waters; such pronounced climate changes, would lead to a myriad of elements, as evidenced by the lush forests of the Antarctic Circle.”

+>~620:530MYA/

(1) blue- 620:550MYA\Eastern-Gondwana post-collisional extension of the EAO.

(2) red- 570:530MYA\collisional metamorphism of the Kuunga orogeny.

+Pannotia is known by many names, Palaeo-Pangaea/The Vendian, but the two to bring attention to are: The Pan-African, and, The Greater Gondwana, the notions of a supercontinental classification highlights the point that, the continent of Africa was forged during the geological processes which bore Pannotia; from pieces of East/West & Peri Gondwanas, into Gondwana, into the Greater Gondwana, or Pan-African, the pieces of single masses accumulated, pushed up upon one another to create new masses, and kept going, like a mecca, until they were united into what many call a supercontinent. The Pan-African Orogeny, PAO, “thrust Africa into being”, meaning that, the continent was sutured together with all its pieces, such as Arabia and Madagascar; like a Super-Africa, or Pan-Africa.

+>~249MYA\yet another reconstruction, this one by, Pierre Dèzes PhD, Université de Lausanne, Institut de Mineralogie et Petrographie (http://www-sst.unil.ch/research/plate_tecto/alp_tet.htm) in 1999,

illustrates Pan-Africa, which lies near “Tethys realm”.

+~170MYA\as the Arabian-Nubian Plates moved closer to LaurAsia’s EurAsia, closing Tethys Ocean, a small ocean-basin, NeoTethys, had formed on one end of what was left of the Tethys before closing.

+>~150MYA\the Americas push into one another, as the first portions of ocean floors forms between Africa and Madagascar, while a basin fills between Africa and Europa.

~130MYA\while the earth was inhabited by the largest reptiles ever, monocots appeared, arising from flowering plants, tho the fossil record is meager, this relatively new addition in the evolution of planetary plant-life would prove to be a part of the Sapien’s success. Dicots came first!

~90MYA\early Palm Trees appear, they are but giant, monocot, grasses, also known as megaphorbs, they would develop two methods of growth: solitary or clustered; the commonly known one is that of a solitary shoot, ending with a crown of leaves. Fossil records suggest that the Sabal Palm developed around this time; it can still be found growing in hot and, seemingly, inhospitable places.

The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 57-85/90 million years.[1] One of the oldest known primate-like mammal species, Plesiadapis, came from North America;[2] another, Archicebus, came from China.[3]

File:Plesiadapis sp. - MUSE.JPG

Created: Eocene inferiore - Ca. 55 milioni di anni

Following the emergence of basal simians in Africa, the group split during the Eocene when New World monkeys dispersed to South America, presumably by rafting on mats of vegetation across the much narrower Atlantic Ocean.

>~70MYA\more ocean floor forming between Madagascar, Africa, and India, as the Atlantic rapidly opens between Antarctica, Africa, and the Americas.

◊NOTE\ As they head on their collision course with Eurasia, notice that Arabia has been traveling with Continental-Africa, Madagascar, and India, for hundreds of millions of years, even though Arabia is still the only one attached to Continental-Africa, it is only Madagascar that the bias-sciences has designated to be a part of Continental-Africa. From the Alps, running through Turkey and Iran, up through “The Stans”, across the sole of China, and beyond into the Pacific Rim’s SouthEast seas,...the culprits of that long mountainous line are the: Indian, Arabian, and African/Nubian, and West African Plates. Either it is AfroEurAsia [Afroeurasia], or Arabia is, and always has been, a part of Continental-Africa, and also, the regions have historically been more ecologically and culturally connected, than Continental-Africa and Madagascar, the latter who is still moving away.

>~60:10MYA\the Nubian (African) Plate {in pink and orange} is a major tectonic plate straddling most of Prime Meridian; its oceanic crust lies between most of Continental-Africa, and other, nearby, ocean-ridges.

+Since Continental-Africa consists of crust from both the traditionally named African Plate, the Somali plate, and the Nubian plate, some literature prefers to refer to the African Plate as the Nubian Plate to distinguish it from Continental-Africa.

~56:20MYA\fossil records suggest that date palms were widespread throughout the Mediterranean. The weather was much warmer in Europa, so much so that palm tree fossils have been found as far as Germany.

^This map illustrates the global palm distribution in relation to modern climatic conditions; the circles indicate recorded occurrences used in this study: (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23147-2).