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C++ Programming

main.cpp

//Imports input/output libraries used by the cout command

#include <iostream>

//Declares the program namespace once so that it doesn't need

//to be attached to each individual command

using namespace std;

//Method header (main method - driver for any program)

//Returns an integer value

int main() {

  //Prints Hello World! followed by an end line.

  cout << "Hello World!" << endl;

  //Exits the program by exiting main method.

  return 0;

}

g++ file.cpp

Compiles the C++ file into assembler language so that it can be executed.

Creates a new file > a.out

variables.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    cout << "hello world" << endl;

    //Initializes an int variable and sets it to the value 2

    int i=2;

    //Outputs "i = 2"

    cout << "i = " <<i<<endl;

    //Outputs "a = 3.3"

    double a=3.3;

    cout << "a = " <<a<<endl;

    //Sets j to be the product of a and i

    int j = a*i;

    //Outputs "a*i = 6.6" because j is an int and will truncate the decimal

    cout << "a*i = "<<j<<endl;

    return 0;

}

increment.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    int n=10;

    cout << "n is "<<n<<endl;

    //Decrements n and sets it to 9.

    n--;

    cout<<"n is now "<<n<<endl;

    //Increments n and set it back to 10

    n++;

    cout<<"n is now "<<n<<endl;

    return 0;

}

C++ probably got its name from being a higher level (incremented) cousin to the programming language C

boolean.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    bool prop;

    //Sets prop to true (1)  because 5 is greater than 1

    prop = (5>1);

    cout<<"prop is "<<prop<<endl;

   //Sets prop to false (0) because 1 is not greater than 5

    prop = (1>5);

    cout<<"prop is "<<prop<<endl;

    //Sets prop to true (1) because 1 does not equal 5

    prop = (1 != 5);

    cout << "prop is " <<prop<<endl;

    return 0;

}

loops.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    int n=10;

    //Prints out n until it <= 0. Prints 10 then 9 then 8 then ...

    while(n>0) {

        cout<<"n is "<<n<<endl;

        n--;

    }

    return 0;

}

for.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    // when we declare a for loop, we also initialize the loop variable,

    // specify the exit condition, and tell the program how to modify the

    // loop variable at the end of each loop

    for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {

        cout<<"n is "<<n<<endl;

    }

    // in a for loop, the loop variable (in this case, 'n') only exists in

    // the loop. we are not able to call 'n' from out here

    // uncomment the following line and see for yourself

    // cout<<"n outside the loop: "<<n;

    //Uncommenting returns the following error:

    //for.cpp: In function 'int main()':

    //for.cpp:16: error: name lookup of 'n' changed for ISO 'for' scoping

    //for.cpp:16: note: (if you use '-fpermissive' G++ will accept your code)

return 0;

}

rewrite.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    int m=0;

    for(int n=0; n<10; n++) {

        // this is the slow (or outer) loop

        cout << "n is " << n << ": ";

        for(int m=0; m<=n; m++) {

            // this is the fast (or inner) loop

            // in this loop, the slow loop variable (n) is a constant

            // this loop must run to completion before the slow loop

            // can progress (during every iteration of the slow loop!)

            cout << m;

        }

        // now the fast loop has finished and the slow loop can

        // continue with the current iteration

        cout << endl;

    }

    return 0 ;

}

logic.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    int n = 10;

    //Continuously running code block that runs until n is less than 10. In this implementation, the while block will

    //run once because the program will exit at the end of the first run.

    while (n>=10) {

        //If n is greater than 5 the first part of the following block will run otherwise the second part will run.

        if(n>5) {

            cout<<"n is "<<n<<endl;

        }

        else {

            cout<<"n = "<<n<<endl;

            //Decrements n

            n--;

        }

        //Ends program execution

        return 0;

    }

}

pointers.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    int i = 10;

    //Prints out the memory address of the local variable i

    cout << "The memory address of i is " << &i << "\n";

    //Prints out the memory address of the local variable i followed by its data

    cout << "The data stored at memory address " << &i << " is " << i << "\n";

    //Creates a new pointer variable p that stores the memory address of i

    int* p = &i;

    //Prints out the memory address p is pointing to

    cout << "The value of p is " << p << "\n";

    cout << "We say that p 'points at' the memory location referenced by address " << p << "\n";

    //*p will retrieve the data of the pointer by retrieving the data from the memory address

    cout << "The data stored at memory address " << p << " is " << *p << "\n";

    return 0;

}

program1.cpp

/*PROGRAM 1*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

    int i = 10;

    //Sets j to the value 10 and stores it at a new memory location

    int j = i;

    cout << "i= " << i << " and j= " << j << "\n";

    //Sets i to 5 and j remains unchanged as 10

    i=5;

    cout << "i= " << i << " and j= " << j << "\n";

    //Sets j to 1 and i remains unchanged as 5

    j=1;

    cout << "i= " << i << " and j= " << j << "\n";

    return 0;

}

program2.cpp

/*PROGRAM 2*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

    //Sets i to 10

    int i = 10;

    //Sets p as the memory address of i

    int* p = &i;

    //Prints out the value of i and the value of the data stored at the memory addressed referenced by p (p -> i -> 10)

    cout << "i= " << i << " and *p= " << *p << "\n";

    //Sets i to 5 and p remains unchanged, still the same memory address

    i=5;

    //Prints out the value of i and the value of the data stored at the memory addressed referenced by p (p -> i -> 5)

    cout << "i= " << i << " and *p= " << *p << "\n";

    //Changes the data at the memory location referenced by p to 1

    *p=1;

    //Prints out i as 1 now that the data has been changed via pointer p

    cout << "i= " << i << " and *p= " << *p << "\n";

    return 0;

}

objectsandpointers.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

    //Sets new pointer variable p to the memory address of a new integer object with value 5

    int* p = new int(5);

    //Prints out address of the newly created object

    cout << "p points at address " << p << "\n";

    cout << "The data stored in address " << p << " is " << *p << "\n";

    //Changes the data at memory address referenced by p to 10

    *p = 10;

    cout << "Now the data stored in address " << p << " is " << *p << "\n";

    return 0;

}

Awk/ Date/ Grep Commands (Shell Scripting)

#!/bin/tcsh

#Sets month variable to the second element of the return value of the date command

#Date returns the current system date and time

#awk is used to filter using a regular expression

set month = `date | awk '{print $2}'`

echo $month

#Sets tmpday variable to the third element of the return value of the date command

set tmpday = `date | awk '{print $3}'`

echo $tmpday

#Adds a space before the day to make sure the final command still works for single digit days if applicable

if ($tmpday < 10) then

set today =  " $tmpday"

else

set today = $tmpday

endif

echo $today

#grep used to filter files so they contain the month and day

ls -lat | grep "$month $today"

Arrays C++

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    //Initializes an array with elements: 1, 2, 3

    int ii[3] = {1,2,3};

    int j=0;

    //Prints out element in the array using index j, incrementing

    //j at the end of the loop cycle

    while (j<3) {

        cout <<" ii of "<<j<<" is "<<ii[j]<<endl;

        j++;

    }

    //Initializes a two dimensional array with 2 rows and 3 columns

    //[1 2 3] <-- matrix representation

    //[4 5 6]

    int LL[2][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};

    j=0;

    int k;

    //Prints out each element in the array at row j, col k using

    //an inner loop

    while (j<2) {

        k=0;

        while (k<3) {

            cout<<" LL of "<<j<<" "<<k<<" is "<<LL[j][k]<<endl;

            k++;

        }

        j++;

    }

    return 0;

}

Comments

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Multiline comment example

/************************************************\

*                                                *

*                    Arrays                      *

*         This program demonstrates arrays       *

*                                                *

\************************************************/

int main() {

    // a loop to demonstrate 1D arrays

    int ii[3] = {1,2,3};

    int j=0;

    while (j<3) {

        cout <<" ii of "<<j<<" is "<<ii[j]<<endl;

        j++;

    }

    // a loop ot demonstrate 2D arrays

    int LL[2][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};

    j=0;

    int k;

    while (j<2) {

        k=0;    // do not forget to initialize k here

        while (k<3) {

            cout<<" LL of "<<j<<" "<<k<<" is "<<LL[j][k]<<endl;

            k++;

        }

        j++;

    }

    return 0;

}

Reading Data

#include <iostream>

//File reading library for C++

#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    //Initializes an ofstream, that can be used to work with files

    ofstream myfile;

    //Opens a file using ofstream object

    myfile.open("example.txt");

    //Appends the file with the string "write some junk."

    myfile<<"write some junk.";

    //Closes the stream which saves the file

    myfile.close();

    return 0;

}

Multiple Source Files

/* MAIN.CPP */

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

// include the program dotprod.cpp so that we can find the dot_prod function                                         

#include "dotprod.cpp"

#include "scalarmult.cpp"

using namespace std;

int main () {

  // declare the vectors as arrays of type double                                                                                          

  double vector1[3];

  double vector2[3];

  // Declare scalar variable as type double.

  double scalar;

  // open the input file                                                                                             

  ifstream infile;

  infile.open("vectors.txt");

  // store the input in the vectors and print the vectors for the user                                               

  infile>>vector1[0]>>vector1[1]>>vector1[2];

  cout<<" Vector 1 is ("<<vector1[0]<<","<<vector1[1]<<","<<vector1[2]<<")"<<endl;

  infile>>vector2[0]>>vector2[1]>>vector2[2];

  cout<<" Vector 2 is ("<<vector2[0]<<","<<vector2[1]<<","<<vector2[2]<<")"<<endl;

  //Read the scalar value

  infile>>scalar;

  // close the input file                                                                                            

  infile.close();

  cout<<"The scalar multiple is "<<scalar<<endl;

  // call the dot_prod function from dotprod.cpp                                                                     

  dot_prod(vector1,vector2);

  scalar_mult(scalar,vector1);

  scalar_mult(scalar,vector2);

  return 0;

}

/* DOTPROD.CPP */

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

double scalar_mult(double v1[3],double v2[3]) {

  double dotdot;

  //Formula for calculating dot product for 3 dimensional vectors

  dotdot = v1[0]*v2[0]+v1[1]*v2[1]+v1[2]*v2[2];

  //Outputs the dot product

  cout<<" The dot product is "<<dotdot<<endl;

  return 0;

}

/* SCALARMULT.CPP */

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

double dot_prod(double scalar,double v1[3]) {

  double dotdot;

  //Formula for calculating dot product for 3 dimensional vectors

  v1[0] = v1[0]*scalar;

  v1[1] = v1[1]*scalar;

  v1[2] = v1[2]*scalar;

  //Outputs the dot product

  cout<<"The scalar multiple is "<<v1[0]<<","<<v1[1]<<","<<v1[2]<<")"<<endl;

  return 0;

}

Random Numbers srand and rand

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h> /* srand, rand */

#include <time.h>

using namespace std;

int main(){

    cout << "Random Number" << rand()%100; /* This will print a random number between [0,100). */

    return 0;

}

HW7

Running MadGraph with the command ./bin/mg5_aMC

Note: You must be in the correct directory containing the script

Bypass configuration options by pressing enter. Will use default values

Generating a process

MG5_aMC> launch MY_FIRST_MG5_RUN

Unzip .lhe file from the run

lhe2root.py python code that will be used to generate the root file.

Run the python code using the following command structure "python <python file> <arguments>"

1. Read the final file.

HZZ4LeptonsAnalysisReduced->MakeClass("HiggsAnalysis") generates HiggsAnalysis.C (C++ class) and HiggsAnalysis.h (C++ header) files which are used inside root. You can run the loop inside the root terminal.

Modified HiggsAnalysis.C code

Give the object type HiggsAnalysis a variable name and run its methods using the dot notation and the specific method name.

The loop will traverse the raw data of events and fill the histograms and then write the histograms. The histograms are viewable in the the TBrowser.

HW9

Python Syntax Notes

# Initialize pandas and zebras variables to 10 and 20 respectively. Then

# adds them together and stores their sum in a variable called

# total_animals_in_zoo and then uses the Python native function print() to

# print the sum as standard output.

pandas=10

zebras=20

total_animals_in_zoo=pandas+zebras

print(total_animals_in_zoo)

Temp Variables

#####Method 1########

# Creates two lists and fills them with values: 1,2,3 and cat,dog,fish

a = [1, 2, 3]

b = ['cat', 'dog', 'fish']

# Reassigns variable a to the value of b

a=b

# Reassigns variable b to the value of a which was recently changed to the

# value of b. This line effectively changes nothing.

b=a

# Prints the contents of both lists

print('Method 1')

print(a)

print(b)

#####Method 2########

a = [1, 2, 3]

b = ['cat', 'dog', 'fish']

# With the introduction of a temp variable the original value of a when the

# variable a is reassigned to the value of b

temp = a

a = b

b = temp

print('Method 2')

print(a)

print(b)

Functions

# Function definition that takes in a number parameter and returns that

# number rounded to two decimal places

def round_to_two_places(num):

 return round(num, 2)

print(round_to_two_places(4.325456463))

Built In Functions

Booleans and Conditionals

# Prints false because 3 does not equal 10

print(3==10)

# Prints true because ‘abc’ is 3 characters long

print(len('abc')==3)

# Prints false because the max of the list is 53 which is greater than 25

print(max([10,40,53]) < 25)

# Prints true because 5 does not equal 3

print (5 != 3)

Modulus Operator

a = [-35423,-5432654,-352435,53252]

def abs_of_min_is_odd(list):

 if(abs(min(list))%2 == 0) :

   print(‘even’)

 else :

   print(‘odd’)

abs_of_min_is_odd(a)

# Output: even

Lists

def select_third_element(my_list):

# len() determines the length of the list. Returns None if there is no third

# element

 if(len(my_list) < 3):

   return None

 else:

   return my_list[2] #remember index 0, so third element is index 2

foo = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

print(select_third_element(foo))

list1=[1,2,3]

list2=[4,5,6]

list_of_lists=[list1,list2]

print(list_of_lists[1][2])

# Output: [1,2,3] - list 2

print(list_of_lists[0])

# Output: [4,5,6] - list 1

print(list_of_lists[1])

# Output: 2 - list 1, second element

print(list_of_lists[0][1])

# Output: 3 - list 1, third element

print(list_of_lists[0][2])

# Output: 4 - list 2, first element

print(list_of_lists[1][0])

Loops

# Iterates through every element in the list returning true if 7 is passed

# otherwise returns False when the loop finishes one traversal

def list_contains_seven(my_list):

 # iterates through every item in the list referencing the current item as

 # ‘element’

 for element in my_list:

   if element ==7:

     return True

 return False

print(list_contains_seven([6,14,5,7]))

# Output: True

print(list_contains_seven([6,14,5,9]))

# Output: False

# Prints the next 10 numbers from the original number while the numbers are

# under 10

def count_to_10(num):

 while(num<10):

   num=num+1

   print(num)

count_to_10(0)

# Output: 1 \ 2 \ 3 \ 4 \ 5 \ 6 \ 7 \ 8 \ 9 \ 10

count_to_10(5)

# Output: 6 \ 7 \ 8 \ 9 \ 10

count_to_10(11)

# Output:

Dictionaries

# dictionary storing country capitals

capitals={'United States': 'DC', 'France': 'Paris', 'Mexico': 'DF'}

populations={'UMD':40000, 'Towson': 30000, 'UMBC': 20000}

# returns 40000, the value for the corresponding key ‘UMD’

print(populations.get('UMD'))

External Libraries

# Python library import statement

import math as m

# Prints out math lib’s value for pi and log base 2 of 32

print(m.pi, m.log(32, 2))

# Prints the greatest common denominator of the two numbers

print(m.gcd(75348597,979531683))

# Prints cos(10)

print(m.cos(10))

import matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

# Data for plotting

# Sets parametric range from 0 to 2 with step 0.01

t = np.arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.01)

# Creates a parametric function to graph

s = 1 + np.sin(2 * np.pi * t)

# Plots the data of the parametric function with parametric ranges

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.plot(t, s)

# Sets info about the graph

ax.set(xlabel='time (s)', ylabel='voltage (mV)',

      title='About as simple as it gets, folks')

ax.grid()

plt.show()

Colab notebook the is able to connect to Google Drive to run python scripts and access assets stored in My Drive.

Info about DeepDream - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream

Developed Images