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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1:
Tool and Symbol in Child Development
Practical Intelligence
Notes:
All studies based on zoological models
links made between child and animal behavior to understand elementary psychological processes
K. Buhler and C. Buhler
coined "technical thinking" by K. Buhler
first manifestations of practical intelligence/technical thinking appear around 6 months of age (C. Buhler)
beginnings of practical intelligence/technical thinking are independent of and precede speech
practical intelligence/technical thinking makes up the initial phase of cognitive development (K. Buhler)
findings: speech and intelligent action are independent of one another
Vgostsky's viewpoint
speech and practical intelligence are integrated in the course of development
Shapiro and Gerke
social experience plays a dominant role in development
children learn through imitating adult use of tools and objects, developing motor schema
Vgostsky's viewpoint
ideas are too deeply rooted in "mechanical conception of repetition"
the role of speech in development is ignored
Guillaume and Myerson
work with apes suggests a similarity with people who do not have the ability to speak
Vgostsky's viewpoint
this work supports the idea that speech plays a role in higher psychological functions
Relation between speech and tool use
aforementioned studies viewed speech and practical intelligence as having different origins
the two can operate separately but their connection is an important component of human behavior
Vgostsky's viewpoint
the connection between speech and practical intelligence (activities) has been overlooked by researchers
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