Genetics

Standards: 7.LS3.1 Hypothesize that the impact of structural changes to genes (i.e., mutations) located on chromosomes may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.7.LS3.2 Distinguish between mitosis and mitosis and meiosis and compare the resulting daughter cells.

Day 1 Meiosis: The process that makes sex cells

Before we can begin discussing genetics we need to learn how sex cells are created. It is a process similar to mitosis except it has two phases. Review mitosis on the cell processes tab before moving on.

Activity 1. Complete the handout Amoeba Sisters that goes with the video . ( a copy is located at the bottom)

video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY

Activity 2: Click on the link below. Read the section and answer the questions at the end of the reading.

visit : http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Life-Science-Concepts-For-Middle-School/section/2.21/

click on the file below if the link above is not working.

Activity 3: Play the following quiz game with a partner

https://meiosistheprocess.wikispaces.com/Meiosis+Fling+Quiz

Activity 4. go to the following site and complete the handout-

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/reproduction/

Standards: 7.LS3.3 Predict the probability of individual dominant and recessive alleles to be transmitted from each parent to offspring during sexual reproduction and represent the genotypic and phenotypic patterns using ratios.

Day 2 Gregor Mendel: The father of genetics

Activity 1: Open the file at the bottom entitled Who is That Robed Man?. Read about Mendel and complete the handout.

Reading passage: Gregor Mendel
question doc. p. 60 link

Inheriting Traits

Do you look more like one parent or grandparent? Do you have your father’s eyes? Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are traits. Traits also include things that cannot be seen, such as your blood type. An organism is a collection of traits, all inherited from its parents.

Heredity (huh REH duh tee) is the passing of traits from parent to offspring, or children.

What is genetics?

Usually, genes on chromosomes control an organism’s shape and function. The different forms of a trait that a gene may have are called alleles (uh LEELZ). When a pair of chromosomes separates during meiosis (mi OH sus), alleles for each trait also separate into different sex cells. As a result, every sex cell has one allele for each trait, as shown in the figure on the next page. The allele in one sex cell may control one form of the trait, such as dimples. The allele in another sex cell may control a different form of the trait, such as no dimples. The study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles is called genetics (juh NE tihks).

Mendel—The Father of Genetics

Did you know that an experiment with pea plants helped scientists understand why your eyes are the color they are? Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied mathematics and science. His job at the monastery where he lived was gardening. His interest in plants began as a boy in his father’s orchards. He learned to predict the possible types of flowers and fruits that would result from crossbreeding plants.

In 1856, Mendel began experimenting with garden peas. He wanted to know the connection between the color of a pea flower and the type of seed the plant produced. Before Mendel, scientists relied on observation and description. They often studied many traits at one time. This made it hard to develop good hypotheses about how traits are inherited. Mendel used scientific methods in his study. Mendel was the first person to trace one trait through many generations. He was the first person to record the study of how traits pass from one generation to another. He was also the first person to use the mathematics of probability to explain heredity. In 1900, three plant scientists repeated Mendel’s experiments and reached the same conclusions as Mendel. For this reason, Mendel is known as the father of genetics.

Day 3 Genetics in a Garden

When Mendel studied a trait, he crossed two plants with different forms of the trait. He found that the new plants all looked like one of the two parents. Mendel called each new plant a hybrid (HI brud) because it received different genetic information, or different alleles, for a trait from each parent.

What is a purebred?

Garden peas are easy to breed for pure traits. An organism that always produces the same traits, generation after generation, is called a purebred. For example, plants can be purebred for the trait of tall height. The table to the right shows the pea plant traits that Mendel studied.

What are dominant and recessive factors?

In nature, insects carry pollen as they move from plant to plant. The pollination by insects is random. In his experiments, Mendel pollinated the plants by hand to control the results. He used pollen from the flowers of purebred tall plants to pollinate the flowers of purebred short plants. This process is called cross-pollination. He found that tall plants crossed with short plants produced seeds that produced all tall plants. Mendel called the tall form the dominant (DAH muh nunt) factor because it dominated, or covered up, the short form. He called this short form the recessive (rih SE sihv) factor because this form seemed to disappear. Today, these factors are called dominant alleles and recessive alleles.

Activity 2: Brain Pop: Genetics- write down your score

What is a Trait?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/traits/

Activity 3- Your genetic makeup- complete the handout with your parents and then check your results. Write down your genes in the margin.

handout- link

check your results

http://www.sonic.net/~nbs/projects/bio115l/form.html

Day 4

Today we use letters to represent dominant and recessive genes. A dominant gene is shown as a capital letter. A recessive gene is is shown with a lower case letter. It does not matter what letter you use just as long as there is a clear distinction between them. For example, a capital H looks a lot different then a lower case letter h. In contrast, S s look alike. Remember, you will have two alleles for each trait; one from your mom and one from your dad. As long as there is one capital letter in the pair it will show the dominant trait. (HH, Hh) Two lower case letters will show the recessive trait (hh) When the letters are the same HH or hh they are called homozygous When the letters are different Hh they are called heterozygous. The two letters to used to represent the genetic makeup is called a genotype. The genotype of an organism is the genetic code in its cells. This genetic makeup of an individual influences – but is not solely responsible for – many of its traits. The phenotype is the visible or expressed trait, such as hair color. The phenotype depends upon the genotype but can also be influenced by environmental factors.

Activity 1. Using a penny, recreate Mendel's experiments to create a new plant.

Flip a coin for you and your partner. Record the information on your chart. Using the pea chart on the right side, decide what traits your new plant will have. .

Handout- link

Activity 2. Brain Pop; Heredity

Activity 3- make vocabulary cards using the text book and practice. vocabulary- alleles, genetics, heredity, purebred, hybrid, dominant, recessive, heterozygeous, homozygous, genotype, phenotype, sex linked disorder, mutations, chromosome disorders, recessive genetic disorders.

Activity 4- complete the handout with your vocabulary-

quizlet

Activity 5 Test

http://www.matsuk12.us/cms/lib/AK01000953/Centricity/domain/2110/examview/genetics_practice.htm

Day 5

Do this first Directions on how to complete the Punnett square handout http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Punnett-Square

The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. It shows the all the possibilities that two parent can create together.

Activity 1: read over and take the quiz at the bottom- http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_2.

Activity 2 Punnet square review basketball

http://sciencereviewgames.com/srg/games/hs.php?id=136

Fun sites:

Pigeons https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/pigeons/pigeonetics/

Clone a mouse http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clickandclone/

heredity jeopardy

http://www.quia.com/cb/98407.html

http://www.superteachertools.us/jeopardyx/jeopardy-review-game.php?gamefile=1296278#.Vk8WzdKrS00

https://jeopardylabs.com/play/genetics-heredityBuild DNA

http://genome.pfizer.com/interact.cfm

Practice quiz

http://genome.pfizer.com/genome_quiz.cfm

How to fold your DNA video http://www.yourgenome.org/activities/origami-dna

Day 6- Sex determination

The human genome is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), with each parent contributing one chromosome per pair. The X and Y chromosomes, also known as the sex chromosomes, determine the biological sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes and males have an X and a Y chromosomes. Females inherit an X chromosome from the father for a XX genotype, while males inherit a Y chromosome from the father for a XY genotype (mothers only pass on X chromosomes). The presence or absence of the Y chromosome is critical because it contains the genes necessary to override the biological default - female development - and cause the development of the male reproductive system. Men determine the sex of a baby depending on whether their sperm is carrying an X or Y chromosome. An X chromosome combines with the mother's X chromosome to make a baby girl (XX) and a Y chromosome will combine with the mother's to make a boy (XY).

video

handout-link

Multiple alleles/ codominance

Blood type is a good example for this interaction. There are three alleles that code for blood. A, B, O. These three alleles can make four different blood types.

OO= type O blood

AO = type A

AA = type A

AB = type AB- codominance means they make a new type

BB = type B

BO = type B

handout

image link click here

video

incomplete dominance

There are many traits in some organisms that do not have dominant or recessive genes. The interaction of two genes may produce a new phenotype. For example, when a chestnut horse crossbreeds with a cremello horse, all offspring will be palomino. When offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype this is called incomplete dominance. In roses, the allele for red colour is dominant over the allele for white colour.

polygenic inheritance

Some traits are controlled by more than one gene. Your height, eye color and skin color are great examples. The effects of many alleles produces a wide variety of phenotypes. Polygenic inheritance occurs when a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait.

sex linked traits http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=57559&CategoryID=1138

Day 7 How do you inherit a genetic disorder?

Go to the following sites link or this one .

Choose a disease and answer the following questions>

1. What is your disease?

2.What does it affect?

3. What are the symptoms?

4. Which chromosome is it carried on?

5. How is it passed down? autosomal or sexlinked?

6. Is it on a dominant or recessive gene? (does the person affected need two copies or just one copy of the trait?)

7. How do they they treat it?

8. Three additional facts

Example https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APEwuYfGRK3QrzN9XaqZarKeIAcQVMR-oySyOKpN3AE/edit

Sex linked disorders

genetic disorders http://www.genome.gov/10001204

What do you think? http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/tdc02_vid_breeding/

Tracing your family by DNA http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=55298&CategoryID=1138

7.LS3.1 Hypothesize that the impact of structural changes to genes (i.e., mutations) located on chromosomes may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

Day 8 Genetic mutations for the good.

Mutations: X men https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BpHEH6CrSw

These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the next generation.

Amoeba sisters video

Brain Pop: Genetic mutations

article

X men https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BpHEH6CrSw

article on mutations

Genetic engineering intro https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IsQ92KiBwM

Insulin production http://www.dnatube.com/video/5577/Genetic-Modification-and-Engineering-Cartoon

Interactive for insulin http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/what/insulin.cfm

Activity 1 Go to the following site and choose one topic you are interested in

Viewpoints http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/viewpoints/viewpoints.cfm

On a sheet of paper, write down the persons name and what they basically think. Then go to the following site and write down 5 specific things that humans are genetically modifying.

uses of genetically altered dna http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/uses/index.cfm

Write a short summary of what you think about GMOs.

Full video on genetic engineering http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/story.cfm?id=101&type=episode&video=video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY

articles http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/issues/index.cfm

Day 9

Article Review- link

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses. On the chart, a male is shown as a square and a female is shown as a circle. The following site shows an example of a chart.

A pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of a family over several generations

Males are represented as squares, while females are represented as circles
Shaded symbols mean an individual is affected by a condition, while an unshaded symbol means they are unaffected
A horizontal line between man and woman represents mating and resulting children are shown as offshoots to this line
Generations are labeled with roman numerals and individuals are numbered according to age (oldest on the left)

http://heredityy.weebly.com/pedigree-chart.html

Activity 1- copy the chart