7.ETS2: Links Among Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Strand: 1) Examine a problem from the medical field pertaining to biomaterials and design a solution taking into consideration the criteria, constraints, and relevant scientific principles of the problem that may limit possible solutions.

Notes handout: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1eBmXrnvJGwhBiKbuVcYFp-sjufrvTn-iFnmTKoBZa0w/edit#slide=id.p

Biomaterials are materials used in close or direct contact with the body to augment or replace faulty materials. Biomaterials must be compatible with the body so that the body does not reject them. However, in some cases, biomaterials like organ transplants do cause rejection, which can be addressed through anti-rejection medications.

Biomaterials can do four things: 

1. It can hurt you

2. It can dissolve in your body

3. Your body can surround it with a protective layer

4. It can bond with living tissue

Many surgeons prefer biomaterials that are organic over those that are inorganic. However, none of these biomaterials will grow with the body. Homographs and allographs also have a slightly lower rate of blood clotting than do artificial valves, and thus may be preferred by surgeons or patients.

Other biomaterials include certain metals, which might be used in reconstructing bones or joints. For example, metal ball joint sockets can be used in knees or hips, and tend to offer great support for those requiring joint replacement.

Some biomaterials are actually living. This is the case with organ transplants in particular. Organs are expected to grow and develop with the body, and are better replacements than non-living sources. In some cases, a non-living source like an artificial heart or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is used while people wait for a heart transplant. These artificial replacements tend not to work for long periods of time, though they can provide someone with the extra days or even a few months they need while waiting to receive a transplant.

Other common biomaterials are used in plastic surgery applications. Calf, breast, cheek, chin, and buttocks implants are all considered to be biomaterials. Occasionally, plastic surgeons will harvest either fat or skin from a patients body to be used in another part of a body. Skin graphs are frequently used to cover scarring, and are most helpful in covering large areas of burned skin, which tends not to regenerate new skin tissue.

One of the most interesting skin biomaterials used recently was the first facial transplant, performed by surgeons in France. The woman receiving the transplant received a partial facial transplant, including new lips and a new nose in 2005. So far, her body has not rejected this transplant. This first successful transplant may prove especially useful for those whose faces have undergone severe and irreparable trauma

Biomaterials, materials that can be introduced into the body, have been around for thousands of years. See the biomaterial timeline to get a sense of the history.

Biomaterials Timeline

• 9500-1000 B.C.—Sutures and stitches made from animal intestine fiber date back to the Neolithic times in Europe.

• 500 B.C.—Gold used in dentistry by Roman, Chinese and Aztec civilisations.

• 600 A.D.—Mayans used blue nacre shell to replace lost teeth.

• 1829—Henry Levert, Alabaman doctor tests the biocompatibility of different metals in dogs, finding that platinum is better tolerated than gold, silver or lead.

• 1926—Invention of stainless steel allowed metals to be used regularly in the body for a reasonable cost.

• 1930s—Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) synthesised, from which ‘silicone’ implants were later made.

• Late 1940s—Plastics become readily available after WWII. Their major advantages: they are easy to shape, light and inert.

• 1949—Sir Harold Ridley, uses poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastic to create intraocular lenses to treat cataracts.

• 1952—Blood vessel replacement using parachute material left over from WWII.

• 1960s—Charnley’s hip arthroplasty

• 1975—Society for Biomaterials formed, birth of a science.

• 1960s-1980s—Knee replacements, breast implants, stents, heart valve replacements. Materials: Teflon, hydrogels and bioglass.

• In research labs, scientists are currently developing advanced biomaterials, which can do more than just one job. For example, stents which provide structural support to blood vessels, yet also slowly release an anti-inflammatory drug. The stent may also be designed to degrade naturally in the bloodstream when its purpose has been served (no second surgery required to remove it).

Biomaterials employed in ‘regenerative medicine’ are designed to encourage the regrowth of damaged tissue, such as nerve cells across a defect in the spinal cord, where fibrosis or scarring would otherwise occur.

• Have you read about or do you know of anyone who has had a 3D printed implant? If so what was their experience? (Please be careful to not reveal information without permission or sensitive information that could be classified as too personal to share with others)

Areas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implant_%28medicine%29

Go to the following crash course to compelte your notes: https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+about+bio+materials+for+kids&&view=detail&mid=E58404742C4F1B1A5B4AE58404742C4F1B1A5B4A&&FORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dvideo%2Babout%2Bbio%2Bmaterials%2Bfor%2Bkids%26FORM%3DHDRSC3

Organ donations:

FACTS: DID YOU KNOW?

Almost 115,000 people in the United States are currently on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ transplant.

• Another name is added to the national transplant waiting list every 10 minutes.

• On average, 20 people die every day from the lack of available organs for transplant.

• One deceased donor can save up to eight lives through organ donation and can save and enhance more than 100 lives through the lifesaving and healing gift of tissue donation.

• Organs that can be donated after death are the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and small intestines. Tissues include corneas, skin, veins, heart valves, tendons, ligaments and bones.

• Organ recipients are selected based primarily on medical need, location and compatibility.

• Over 700,000 transplants have occurred in the U.S. since 1988.

• The cornea is the most commonly transplanted tissue. More than 40,000 corneal transplants take place each year in the United States.

• A healthy person can become a 'living donor' by donating a kidney, or a part of the liver, lung, intestine, blood or bone marrow.

• About 6,000 living donations occur each year. One in four donors are not biologically related to the recipient.

• The buying and selling of human organs is not allowed for transplants in America, but it is allowed for research purposes.

• In most countries, it is illegal to buy and sell human organs for transplants, but international black markets for organs are growing in response to the increased demand around the world. Learn more about Transplant Tourism.

• Liver and kidney disease kills over 120,000 each year, more people than Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, or prostate cancer.

• 1 in 9 or 26 million Americans have kidney disease – and most don’t even know it.

• Organ disease is a massive public health issue, and organ transplantation can be a lifesaving treatment option. There are as many people dying per year of organ disease as are on the transplant waiting list currently! What can you do to spread awareness, raise vital funds, and help save these precious lives? 

• Activity 1:Liver Transplants
  Currently there are nearly 17,000 people waiting for a liver transplant in the United States. The median national waiting time in 2006 was 321 days.* This does not take into consideration in what part of the country a patient lives or their status at the time of transplant. Therefore, a patient's median wait may be longer or shorter depending on how sick the patent is or where they live.
  The severity of liver disease in patients waiting for transplant ranges from having mild complications to being critically ill in the intensive care unit. UNOS has developed a scoring system known as the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, or MELD, in which the sickest patients are given priority for organ allocation. Every center in the U.S. must follow the UNOS MELD system.
  The MELD system involves a numerical scale, ranging from 6 (less ill) to 40 (gravely ill), used for liver transplant candidates age 12 and older. It gives each person a 'score' (number) based on how urgently he or she needs a liver transplant within the next three months. The number is calculated by a formula using three routine lab test results:

• In order to undergo a liver transplant, a patient must be placed on the national waiting list. The list is managed by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), which collects and manages all data that pertain to the patient waiting list, organ donation and matching, and transplantation occurring on the OPTN, the nation's organ transplant network. All liver transplant candidates in the United States must be listed with UNOS before a donor liver can be allocated.

• You and your group must go through the eight scenarios on the handout and decide who will get the transplant.

Reading https://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2019.00008

Areas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implant_%28medicine%29

11 top implanted devices https://247wallst.com/healthcare-economy/2011/07/18/the-eleven-most-implanted-medical-devices-in-america/3/

3 D printing  : organs?

https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/3DPrintingofMedicalDevices/ucm500539.htm

List of orthopedic implanted devices https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orthopedic_implants

Biomaterials images link 

Biomaterials Alternate Assignment

link  

Bio materials project.docx (13k)Kathy Dougherty, Feb 9, 2019, 5:48 PM

Organ Donation Scenarios.doc (33k)Kathy Dougherty, Feb 9, 2019, 5:49 PM

biomaterial project images.docx (916k)Kathy Dougherty, Feb 10, 2019, 7:37 PM

lesson plan exp.pdf (465k)Kathy Dougherty, Feb 5, 2019, 7:56 PM