Indigenous cultures of North America date back to 10,000 BCE but most artifacts date only from the last 2,000 years
Geography plays a huge role in Andean Art. Coastal plains acted individually while in the mountains they united against the elements.
Old civilizations are used as foundations for new ones. (building upon preexisting sites)
Artworks were often part of a workshop where many worked on one piece
Pre-Columbian cultures occupy what is now Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and parts of El Salvador before Christopher Columbus invaded the area
The Aztec Empire was the dominant power in Mesoamerica before Henan Cortes overthrew them
Developed huge city-states that prominently featured temple complexes rivaling any on Earth
Rapid decline of civilizations in the 16th c. due to the introduction of disease by the Europeans
With the arrival of the Europeans, the native people of North and South America were destroyed and persecuted. Archeology, oral tradition, documents, and museum records are the basis for research.
OLMEC-STYLE MASK
Andes Civilizations
Chavin (900-200 BCE) Coastal Peru
Inca or Inka (1400-1521) Peru (no writing but a kept a record system, khipu)
Mesoamerica
Mayan (300-900 CE) Belize, Gautemala, Honduras, Yucatan
Aztecs (1400-1521) Central Mexico
North America
Anasazi (550-1400 CE) American Southwest
Mississippian (800-1500 CE) Eastern United States
NW Coast Native American (18th c- present) Pacific Northwest
3. Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
10. Tlatilco female figurine
153. Chavin de Huantar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavin. 900-200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzon and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry).
​154. Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450-1300 C.E. Sandstone.
www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/in-the-cliffs-of-mesa-verde-10863419/
www.cliffdwellingsmuseum.com/history/the-anasazi/solving-the-mystery-of-anasazi-disappearance/
155. Yaxchilan. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E. Limestone (architectural complex).
156. Great Serpent Mound. Adams Country, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 C.E. Earthwork/effigy mound.
​ Article about new research on the site
www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAQ5sziIUDo
57. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (the Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmed-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone).
158. Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428-1520 C.E. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold.
160. Maize cob. Inca. c. 1440-1533 C.E. Sheet metal;repusse, metal alloys.
City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inca. c. 1440 C.E.; convent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite.
161. City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inca. c. 1450-1540 C.E. Granite (architectural complex).
www.history.com/topics/machu-picchu
Intihuatana Stone
Observatory
162. All-T'oqapu tunic. Inca. 1450-1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton.
166. Black-on-black ceramic vessel. Maria Martinez and Julian Martinez. Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico, U.S. c. mid-20th century C.E. Blackware ceramic.
163. Bandolier bag. Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 C.E. Beadwork on leather.
www.mpm.edu/research-collections/anthropology/online-collections-research/bandolier-bag-collection
164. Transformation Mask. Kwakwaka'wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century C.E. Wood, paint and string.
165. Painted elk hide. Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, U.S. c. 1890-1900 C.E. Painted elk hide.
www.prairieedge.com/tribe-scribe/artist-mike-mcleod-demonstrates-how-to-paint-a-buffalo-hide/
National Geographic Article on Inca Child Sacrifices
Information on Psilocybin, used in rituals from prehistoric times to the Aztecs
Article on the "Trails of Tears" (North America) from History.com
Shawnee reclaim the great Serpent Mound https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/shawnee-relcaim-great-serpent-mound?fbclid=IwAR28vxZWAi8lPzpP9iLvRzJWGCVT_sqC38snCcN_St4AvfNlpb0tiB7fiJ0
Painted elk hide https://www.pbs.org/video/antiques-roadshow-appraisal-shoshone-painted-elk-hide-ca-1895/
Machu Picchu is older than previously thought https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/machu-picchu-peru-study-scli-intl-scn/index.html