HISTORY:

Beginning in the city of Rome, the Romans expanded their empire through diplomacy and warfare. They eventually overtook both the Etruscans and the Greeks until eventually enveloping parts of Mesopotamia. The Roman Empire became so large that one emperor could not rule it all, and so it split into a Western and Eastern area with one emperor governing each. The Western Empire fell in 410 CE after Rome was sacked by the Goths. This is the official date of the Fall of the Roman Empire even though the Eastern Empire remained for another thousand years under the title of the Byzantines.

Romans

• Roman art reflects their grand ambitions and monuments reflect the glory of their gods and government.

• Roman architecture: the arch, the vault, and their concrete.

• Copied Greek Art

• Move away from cremation toward burials. Beliefs start to reflect the birth of Christianity and other religions that believe in a spiritual afterlife.

• Many writings are preserved shedding more light than other societies.

• Roman Republic is the ousting of Etruscan monarchy, and a senate is put in place.

• Roman Empire is when a dictator emerges in Augustus

RESOURCES

• Timeline: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iFgpgEAg6di6oqhIEf5T9aEMG1Os691YSjQLd0SCry0/edit?usp=sharing

• Interactive site for Trajan's Column

• Pompeii: https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/00000156-47bd-d270-abd6-c7fdead40000

39. House of the Vettii. Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman. c. second century B.C.E.; rebuilt c. 62–79 C.E. Cut stone and fresco.

40. Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii. Republican Roman. c. 100 B.C.E. Mosaic.

42. Head of a Roman patrician. Republican Roman. c. 75–50 B.C.E. Marble.

43. Augustus of Prima Porta. Imperial Roman. Early 1st century C.E. Marble.

44. Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater). Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman. 70–80 C.E. Stone and concrete.

45. Forum of Trajan. Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106–112 C.E.; column completed 113 C.E. Brick and concrete (architecture); marble (column).

46. Pantheon. Imperial Roman. 118–125 C.E. Concrete with stone facing.

47. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus. Late Imperial Roman. c. 250 C.E. Marble.

181. Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple. Nabataean Ptolemaic and Roman. c. 400 B.C.E.–100 C.E. Cut rock.

• Ashlar masonry: carefully cut and grooved stones that support a building without the use of concrete of other kinds of masonry

• Atrium (atria): a courtyard in a Roman house or in front of a Christian church

• Basilica: in Roman architecture, a large axially planned building with a nave, side aisles and apses

• Coffer: in architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling

• Composite column: one that contains a combination of volutes from Ionic order and acanthus leaves from the Corinthian order

• Continuous narrative: a work of art that contains several scenes of the same story painted or sculpted on a single frame

• Cubiculum: a Roman bedroom flanking an atrium; in Early Christian art, a mortuary chapel in a catacomb

• Cupola: a small dome rising over the roof of a building

• Encaustic: an ancient method of painting that uses colored waxes burned into a wooden surface

• Foreshortening: a visual effect in which an object is shortened and turned deeper into the picture plane to give the effect of receding in space

• Forum: a public square or marketplace in a Roman city

• Fresco: a painting technique that involves applying water-based paint onto a freshly plastered wall. The paint forms a bond with the plaster that is durable and long-lasting

• Impluvium: a rectangular basin in a Roman house that is placed in the open-air atrium in order to collect rainwater

• Keystone: the center stone of an arch that holds the others in place

• Oculus: a circular window in a church, or round opening at the top of a dome

• Peristyle: an atrium surrounded by columns in a Roman house

• Perspective: depth and recession in a painting or relief sculpture. Objects shown in linear perspective achieve a 3-D effect on a 2-D picture plane. All lines, called orthogonals, draw the viewer back in space to a common point, called the vanishing point. Paintings may have more than one vanishing point. Landscapes that give the illusion of distance use atmospheric perspective or aerial perspective.

• Pier: a vertical support that holds up an arch or a vault

• Spandrel: a triangular space enclosed by the curve of arches

• Triclinium: a dining table in ancient Rome that has a couch on three sides

• Tuscan Order: an order of ancient architecture featuring slender, smooth columns that sit on simple bases; no carvings on the frieze or capitals

• Vault:A roof constructed with arches. When an arch is extended in space, forming a tunnel, it is called a barrel vault. When two barrel vaults intersect at right angles, it is called a groin-vault

• Veristic:Sculptures from the Roman Republic characterized by the extreme realism of facial features