UNIT 4: Later Europe and Americas, 1750- 1980 CE
UNIT 4: Later Europe and Americas, 1750- 1980 CE
Embedded Files
From the mid-1700s to 1980 C.E., Europe and the Americas experienced rapid change and innovation. Art existed in the context of dramatic events such as industrialization, urbanization, economic upheaval, migrations, and wars. Countries and governments were re-formed; women’s and civil rights’ movements catalyzed social change. Artists assumed new roles in society. Styles of art proliferated and often gave rise to artistic movements. Art and architecture exhibited a diversity of styles, forming an array of “isms.” Works of art took on new roles and functions in society and were experienced by audiences in new ways. Art of this era often proved challenging for audiences and patrons to immediately understand.
The Enlightenment set the stage for this era. Scientific inquiry and empirical evidence were promoted in order to reveal and understand the physical world. Belief in knowledge and progress led to revolutions and a new emphasis on human rights. Subsequently, Romanticism offered a critique of Enlightenment principles and industrialization. Philosophies of Marx and Darwin impacted worldviews, followed by the work of Freud and Einstein. Later, postmodern theory influenced art making and the study of art. In addition, artists were affected by exposure to diverse cultures, largely as a result of colonialism. The advent of mass production supplied artists with ready images, which they were quick to appropriate. (Khan Academy)
IMAGES
99. Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz. Miguel Cabrera. c. 1750 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.poemhunter.com/poem/my-lady/
Biography of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
100. A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery. Joseph Wright of Derby. c. 1763-1766 C.E. Oil on canvas.
101. The Swing. Jean-Honore Fragonard. 1767 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.artble.com/artists/jean-honore_fragonard/paintings/the_swing
102. Monticello. Virginia, U.S. Thomas Jefferson (architect). 1768-1809 C.E. Brick, glass, stone and wood.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzZnqXvRSLE
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JUZoIguW8o
Official Website for Monticello
103. The Oath of the Horatii. Jacques-Louis David. 1784 C.E. Oil on canvas.
Biography of Jacques-Louis David
104. George Washington. Jean-Antoine Houdon. 1788-1792 C.E. Marble.
www.history.org/foundation/journal/autumn03/houdon.cfm
www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/jean-antoine-houdon/
105. Self-Portrait. Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun. 1790 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glh-0GPKPD0
106. Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra (the disasters of War), plate 15. Francisco de goya. 1810-1823 C.E. (published 1863). Etching, drypoint, burin and burnishing.
www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140717-the-greatest-war-art-ever
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/etch/hd_etch.htm
107. La Grande Odalisque. Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres. 1814 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.artble.com/artists/jean_auguste_dominique_ingres/paintings/la_grande_odalisque
Collection of 157 paintings by Ingres
108. Liberty Leading the People. Eugene Delacroix. 1830 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.artble.com/artists/eugene_delacroix/paintings/july_28:_liberty_leading_the_people
www.biography.com/people/eugne-delacroix-40979
109. The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm). Thomas Cole. 1836 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/10497
Official website for Thomas Cole
110. Still Life in Studio. Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. 1837 C.E. Daguerreotype.
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dagu/hd_dagu.htm
www.daguerreobase.org/en/knowledge-base/what-is-a-daguerreotype
111. Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On). Joseph Mallord William Turner. 1840 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.theartstory.org/artist-turner-jmw.htm
www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/4c/turner.004.htm
112. Palace of Westminister (Houses of Parliament). London, England. Charles Barry and Augustus W.N. Pugin (architects). 1840-1870 C.E. Limestone masonry and glass.
www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7k16YfZxp-4
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWBlEf7wlVQ
113. The Stone Breakers. Gustave Courbet. 1849 C.E. (destroyed in 1945). Oil on canvas.
www.gustave-courbet.com/the-stonebreakers.jsp
114. Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art. Honore Daumier. 1862 C.E. Lithograph.
115. Olympia. Edouard Manet. 1863 C.E. Oil on canvas.
116. The Saint-Lazare Station. Claude Monet. 1877 C.E. Oil on canvas.
117. The Horse in Motion. Eadweard Muybridge. 1878 C.E. Albumen print.
100photos.time.com/photos/eadweard-muybridge-horse-in-motion
118. The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de Mexico desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel). Jose Maria Velasco. 1882 C.E. Oil on canvas.
119. The Burghers of Calais. Auguste Rodin. 1884-1895 C.E. Bronze.
120. The Starry Night. Vincent van Gogh. 1889 C.E. Oil on canvas.
121. The Coiffure. Mary Cassatt. 1890-1891 C.E. Drypoint and aquatint.
www.marycassatt.org/biography.html
122. The Scream. Edvard Munch. 1891 C.E. Tempera and pastels on cardboard.
123. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin. 1897-1898 C.E. Oil on canvas.
124. Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building. Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Louis Sullivan (architect). 1899-1903 C.E. Iron, steel, glass and terra cotta.
architizer.com/blog/louis-sullivans-carson-pirie-scott-building-reopens-as-a-target/
125. Mont Sainte-Victoire. Paul Cezanne. 1902-1904 C.E. Oil on canvas.
126. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Pablo Picasso. 1907 C.E. Oil on canvas.
127. The Steerage. Alfred Stieglitz. 1907 C.E. Photogravure.
study.com/academy/lesson/alfred-stieglitzs-1907-the-steerage-photo.html
100photos.time.com/photos/alfred-stieglitz-steerage
128. The Kiss. Gustav Klimt. 1907-1908 C.E. Oil and gold leaf on canvas.
129. The Kiss. Constantin Brancusi. 1907-1908 C.E. Limestone.
www.theartstory.org/artist-brancusi-constantin.htm
130. The Portuguese. Georges Braque. 1911 C.E. Oil on canvas.
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/analytical-cubism.htm
www.radford.edu/rbarris/art428/cubism.html
131. Goldfish. Henri Matisse. 1912 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.austincc.edu/noel/writings/matisse%20-%20notes%20of%20a%20painter.pdf
www.henri-matisse.net/biography.html#fauvism
132. Improvisation 28 (second version). Vassily Kandinsky. 1912 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.theartstory.org/artist-kandinsky-wassily.htm
133. Self-Portrait as as Soldier. Ernst Ludwig-Kirchner. 1915 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.oberlin.edu/amam/Kirchner_SelfPortrait.htm
134. Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht. Kathe Kollwitz. 1919-1920 C.E. Woodcut.
www.moma.org/collection/works/71889
135. Ville Savoye. Poissy-sur-Seine, France. Le Corbusier (architect). 1929 C.E. Steel and reinforced concrete.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXfuSBNjoUk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQayb3glupE
Wright making jokes about Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier's Philosophy of Architecture
136. Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow. Piet Mondrian. 1930 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.theartstory.org/movement-de-stijl.htm
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4b85UBqUy28&list=PLF7051B36368106A0&index=3
www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPF7wjmcQeE
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr6UzarhMWA
137. Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year-Plan. Varvara Stepanova. 1932 C.E. Photomontage.
www.designishistory.com/1920/varvara-stepanova/
theconversation.com/sublime-design-varvara-stepanovas-unisex-sports-uniform-27587
Definition of Russian Constructivism
138. Object (Le Dejeuner en fourrure). Meret Oppenheim. 1936 C.E. Fur-covered cup, saucer and spoon.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_ir5Hshrp4
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLL9A0Dhisk
139. Fallingwater. Pennsylvania, U.S. Frank Lloyd Wright (architect). 1936-1939 C.E. Reinforced concrete, sandstone, steel and glass.
Interview with Frank Lloyd Wright
140. The Two Fridas. Frida Kahlo. 1939 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html
www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gjwOncsydA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk-Tj1PC6F0
141. The Migration of the Negro, Panel No. 49. Jacob Lawrence. 1940-1941 C.E. Casein tempera on hardboard.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIfGcTnITDE
142. The Jungle. Wifredo Lam. 1943 C.E. Gouache on paper mounted on canvas.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VchFg7qYRX4
143. Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park. Diego Rivera. 1947-1948 C.E. Fresco.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIB4nuLFaCA
www.diegorivera.org/dream-of-a-sunday-afternoon-in-alameda-park.jsp
www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-DKc4i5bIQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mzQDfK3A5Q
144. Fountain (second version). Marcel Duchamp. 1950 C.E. (original 1917). Readymade glazed sanitary china with black paint.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYqDpNmnu8I
145. Woman I. Willem de Kooning. 1950-1952 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.sfmoma.org/watch/willem-de-kooning-on-painting-women/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6kiVI_KNTY
146. Seagram Building. New York City, U.S. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson (architects). 1954-1958 C.E. Steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze.
Interview with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/seagram-building
147. Marilyn Diptych. Andy Warhol. 1962 C.E. Oil, acrylic and silkscreen enamel on canvas.
www.papermag.com/andy-warhols-top-5-most-amazing-interview-moments-1427366504.html
Episode 1 of 15 Minutes with Andy Warhol produced by MTV in the 1980's
148. Narcissus Garden. Yayoi Kusama. Original installation and performance 1966 C.E. Mirror balls.
www.domusweb.it/en/news/2016/05/03/yayoi_kusama_narcissus_garden.html
149. The Bay. Helen Frankenhaler. 1963 C.E. Acrylic on canvas.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFjX2Nbf-HM
150. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks. Claes Oldenburg 1969-1974 C.E. Cor-Ten steel, steel, aluminum and cast resin; painted with polyurethane enamel.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuF117hnjw0
151. Spiral Jetty. Great Salt Lake, Utah, U.S. Robert Smithson. 1970 C.E. Earthwork, mud, precipitated salt crystals, rocks and water coil.
Official Website for Smithson
Antiques Roadshow - Spiral Jetty sketches and photos
Drone view of the Spiral Jetty
152. House in New Castle County. Delaware, U.S. Robert Venturi, John Rauch and Denise Scott Brown (architects). 1978-1983 C.E. Wood frame and stucco.
1750-1980 C.E.
Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Miguel Cabrera (essay, image, additional resources)
A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery, Joseph Wright of Derby (essay, image, additional resources)
The Swing, Jean-Honoré Fragonard (video, images, additional resources)
Monticello, Thomas Jefferson (essay, images, additional resource 1 (click on the ‘text-based version of the site’), additional resource 2)
The Oath of the Horatii, Jacques-Louis David (video/essay, images, additional resources)
George Washington, Jean-Antoine Houdon (essay, image, additional resource 1, additional resource 2)
Self-Portrait, Elisabeth Louise Vigée-LeBrun (essay, image, additional resources)
Y no hai remedio (And There’s Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War), plate 15, Francesco de Goya (essay, images, additional resources)
La Grande Odalisque, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (video/essay, images, additional resources)
Liberty Leading the People, Eugène Delacroix (video/essay, images, additional resources)
View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm—The Oxbow, Thomas Cole (video/essay, images, additional resources)
Still Life in Studio, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (essay, image, additional resources)
Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), Joseph Mallord William Turner (video, images, additional resources)
Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), Charles Barry, A.W.N. Pugin (video, images, additional resources)
The Stonebreakers, Gustave Courbet (essay, image, additional resource 1, additional resource 2)
Nadar elevating Photography to Art, Honoré Daumier (essay, image, additional resources)
Olympia, Édouard Manet (video, image, additional resources)
The Saint-Lazare Station, Claude Monet (video/essay, image, additional resources)
The Horse in Motion, Eadweard Muybridge (essay, image, additional resource 1, additional resource 2)
The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel, José María Velasco (video/essay, images, additional resources)
The Burghers of Calais, Auguste Rodin (essay, image, 3D image, additional resources)
The Starry Night, Vincent van Gogh (essay, image, additional resources)
The Coiffure, Mary Cassatt (essay, image, additional resources)
The Scream, Edvard Munch (essay, image, additional resources)
Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?, Paul Gauguin (essay, images, additional resources)
Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, Louis Sullivan (essay, images, additional resources)
Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cézanne (video/essay, images, additional resources)
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, Pablo Picasso (video/essay, images, additional resources)
The Steerage, Alfred Stieglitz (video/essay, image, additional resources)
The Kiss, Gustav Klimt (video, image, additional resources)
The Kiss, Constantin Brancusi (video, images, additional resources)
The Portuguese, Georges Braque (essay, images, additional resources)
The Goldfish, Henri Matisse (essay, image, additional resources)
Improvisation 28 (second version), Vasily Kandinsky (video, image, additional resources)
Self-Portrait as a Soldier, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (essay, image, additional resource)
Memorial Sheet of Karl Liebknecht, Käthe Kollwitz (essay, image, additional resources)
Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier (essay, images, additional resources)
Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow, Piet Mondrian (essay, image, additional resources)
Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year Plan, Varvara Stepanova (essay, image, additional resources)
Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure), Meret Oppenheim (essay, quiz, image, additional resource)
Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright (essay, images, plans, elevations, additional resource 1, additional resource 2)
The Two Fridas, Frida Kahlo (essay, image, additional resources)
The Migration of the Negro, Panel no. 49, Jacob Lawrence (videos, image, additional resources)
The Jungle, Wilfredo Lam (essay, image, additional resources)
Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park, Diego Rivera (essay, image, additional resources)
Fountain, Marcel Duchamp (video, images, additional resources)
Woman I, Willem de Kooning (video, images, additional resources)
Seagram Building, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson (video, images, additional resources)
Marilyn Diptych, Andy Warhol (essay, image, additional resources)
Narcissus garden, Yayoi Kusama (essay, image, additional resources)
The Bay, Helen Frankenthaler (essay, quiz, image, additional resources)
Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks, Claes Oldenburg (essay, image, additional resources)
Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson (video/essay, images, additional resources)
House in New Castle County, Robert Ventura, John Rausch and Denise Scott Brown (essay, images, additional resources)
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