By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

• Describe how waves occur, move, and carry energy.

• Explain wave behavior approaching the shoreline.

• Describe shoreline features and zones.

• Describe wave refraction and its contribution to longshore currents and longshore drift.

• Explain how longshore currents cause the formation of spits and baymouth bars.

• Distinguish between submergent and emergent coasts and describe coastal features associated with each.

• Describe the relationship between the natural river of sand in the littoral zone and human attempts to alter it for human convenience.

• Describe the pattern of the main ocean currents and explain the different factors involved in surface currents and deep ocean currents.

• Explain how ocean tides occur and distinguish among diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed tide patterns.

Using ChatGPT to find local Colorado Phenomena

Use the following prompt, adjust accordingly. "I am a high school science teacher looking for a local Colorado phenomena to address NGSS standard (enter standard you are looking for... example HS-LS1-6)"

Career Connections

Connecting what students are learning to careers not only deepens their engagement in school but also helps them make more informed choices about their future. Browse the following related career profiles to discover what scientists really do on the job and what it takes to prepare for these careers. For additional profiles visit your Year at a Glance Page.

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